Title:
Flexural Performance and Ductility of Expanded Slate Lightweight Self-Consolidating Concrete Beams
Author(s):
Ahmed T. Omar and Assem A. A. Hassan
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
119
Issue:
2
Appears on pages(s):
117-129
Keywords:
cracking; deflection characteristics; ductility; expanded slate aggregates; flexure; lightweight self-consolidating concrete (LWSCC); serviceability
DOI:
10.14359/51734200
Date:
3/1/2022
Abstract:
This paper investigates the structural performance of large-scale lightweight self-consolidating concrete (LWSCC) and lightweight vibrated concrete (LWVC) beams made with expanded slate coarse aggregates (ESCAs) and expanded slate fine aggregates (ESFAs) under flexural loads. Nine large-scale concrete beams were cast with different types of lightweight aggregate (either ESCA or ESFA), coarse-to-fine aggregate ratios (0.5 to 1.5), and total binder contents (550 and 600 kg/m3 [34.3 and 37.5 lb/ft3]). The structural performance of the tested beams was assessed based on the characteristics of the load-deflection response, cracking pattern, displacement ductility, energy absorption, cracking moment, and ultimate flexural strength. The reliability of code-based expressions in predicting the cracking and ultimate moment capacity of the tested beams was also investigated in this study. The results indicated that using ESFA better improved the beam’s cracking moment capacity, deformability, ductility, and energy absorption capacity compared to using ESCA. Although LWSCC exhibited a lower modulus of elasticity than normal-weight SCC, the deflection values observed in the LWSCC beams under service loads were well within the allowable limit provided by BS 8110. The measured crack widths at the service loads for all tested beams ranged from 0.20 to 0.26 mm (0.008 to 0.01 in.), satisfying the limits proposed by ACI 318, CSA A23.3, and BS 8110 design codes for durability aspects.
Related References:
1. Lotfy, A.; Hossain, K. M. A.; and Lachemi, M., “Durability Properties of Lightweight Self-Consolidating Concrete Developed with Three Types of Aggregates,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 106, Mar. 2016, pp. 43-54. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.118
2. Karahan, O.; Hossain, K. M. A.; Ozbay, E.; Lachemi, M.; and Sancak, E., “Effect of Metakaolin Content on the Properties Self-Consolidating Lightweight Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 31, June 2012, pp. 320-325. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.112
3. Hassan, A. A. A.; Ismail, M. K.; and Mayo, J., “Mechanical Properties of Self-Consolidating Concrete Containing Lightweight Recycled Aggregate in Different Mixture Compositions,” Journal of Building Engineering, V. 4, Dec. 2015, pp. 113-126. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2015.09.005
4. National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, “Concrete in Practice: What, Why, & How? (CIP 36-Structural Lightweight Concrete),” NRMCA, Alexandria, VA, 2003, 2 pp.
5. Rodriguez, S., “Design of Long Span Concrete Box Girder Bridges: Challenges and Solutions,” Proceedings, ASCE Structures Congress 2004: Building on the Past, Securing the Future, Nashville, TN, May 2004, pp. 1-11.
6. Jiang, D.; Wang, G.; Montaruli, B. C.; and Richardson, K. L., “Concrete Offshore LNG Terminals: A Viable Solution and Technical Challenges (OTC 16124),” Proceedings, Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX, May 2004, pp. 59-68.
7. Shi, C., “Design and Application of Self-Compacting Lightweight Concrete,” Proceedings, First International Symposium on Design, Performance and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC’2005-China), Changsha, China, RILEM Publications SARL, Z. Yu, C. Shi, K. H. Khayat, and Y. Xie, eds., May 2005, pp. 55-64.
8. Lotfy, A.; Hossain, K. M. A.; and Lachemi, M., “Mix Design and Properties of Lightweight Self-Consolidating Concretes Developed with Furnace Slag, Expanded Clay and Expanded Shale Aggregates,” Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, V. 5, No. 5, 2016, pp. 297-323. doi: 10.1080/21650373.2015.1091999
9. Law Yim Wan, D. S.; Aslani, F.; and Ma, G., “Lightweight Self-Compacting Concrete Incorporating Perlite, Scoria, and Polystyrene Aggregates,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 30, No. 8, Aug. 2018, p. 04018178. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002350
10. Shi, C., and Wu, Y., “Mixture Proportioning and Properties of Self-Consolidating Lightweight Concrete Containing Glass Powder,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 102, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2005, pp. 355-363.
11. Hubertova, M., and Hela, R., “The Effect of Metakaolin and Silica Fume on the Properties of Lightweight Self Consolidating Concrete,” Ninth CANMET/ACI International Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology, SP-243, V. M. Malhotra, ed., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2007, pp. 35-48.
12. Abouhussien, A. A.; Hassan, A. A. A.; and Ismail, M. K., “Properties of Semi-Lightweight Self-Consolidating Concrete Containing Lightweight Slag Aggregate,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 75, Jan. 2015, pp. 63-73. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.028
13. Chi, J. M.; Huang, R.; Yang, C. C.; and Chang, J. J., “Effect of Aggregate Properties on the Strength and Stiffness of Lightweight Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 25, No. 2, Feb. 2003, pp. 197-205. doi: 10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00020-3
14. Yang, K.-H.; Mun, J.-H.; and Lee, J.-S., “Flexural Tests on Pre-Tensioned Lightweight Concrete Beams,” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Structures and Buildings, V. 167, No. 4, Apr. 2014, pp. 203-216. doi: 10.1680/stbu.12.00003
15. Yang, K.-H.; Mun, J.-H.; Cho, M.-S.; and Kang, T. H.-K., “Stress-Strain Model for Various Unconfined Concretes in Compression,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 111, No. 4, July-Aug. 2014, pp. 819-826.
16. Hassan, A. A. A.; Lachemi, M.; and Hossain, K. M. A., “Effect of Metakaolin and Silica Fume on the Durability of Self-Consolidating Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 34, No. 6, July 2012, pp. 801-807. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.02.013
17. Omar, A. T., and Hassan, A. A. A., “Use of Polymeric Fibers to Improve the Mechanical Properties and Impact Resistance of Lightweight SCC,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 229, Dec. 2019, p. 116944. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116944
18. Abouhussien, A. A.; Hassan, A. A. A.; and Hussein, A. A., “Effect of Expanded Slate Aggregate on Fresh Properties and Shear Behaviour of Lightweight SCC Beams,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 67, No. 9, May 2015, pp. 433-442. doi: 10.1680/macr.14.00197
19. do Carmo, R. N. F.; Costa, H.; Gomes, G.; and Valença, J., “Experimental Evaluation of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Beam–Column Joints with Different Strengths and Reinforcement Ratios,” Structural Concrete, V. 18, No. 6, 2017, pp. 950-961. doi: 10.1002/suco.201600166
20. Sin, L. H.; Huan, W. T.; Islam, M. R.; and Mansur, M. A., “Reinforced Lightweight Concrete Beams in Flexure,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 108, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 2011, pp. 3-12.
21. Bernardo, L. F. A.; Nepomuceno, M. C. S.; and Pinto, H. A. S., “Flexural Ductility of Lightweight-Aggregate Concrete Beams,” Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, V. 22, No. 5, 2016, pp. 622-633. doi: 10.3846/13923730.2014.914094
22. Omar, A. T., and Hassan, A. A. A., “Shear Behavior of Lightweight Self-Consolidating Concrete Beams Containing Coarse and Fine Lightweight Aggregates,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 118, No. 3, May 2021, pp. 175-185.
23. Lachemi, M.; Hossain, K. M. A.; Lambros, V.; and Bouzoubaâ, N., “Development of Cost-Effective Self-Consolidating Concrete Incorporating Fly Ash, Slag Cement, or Viscosity-Modifying Admixtures,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 100, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2003, pp. 419-425.
24. Saleh Ahari, R.; Erdem, T. K.; and Ramyar, K., “Effect of Various Supplementary Cementitious Materials on Rheological Properties of Self-Consolidating Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 75, Jan. 2015, pp. 89-98. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.11.014
25. Ismail, M. K., and Hassan, A. A. A., “Use of Metakaolin on Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Self-Consolidating Concrete Containing High Percentages of Crumb Rubber,” Journal of Cleaner Production, V. 125, July 2016, pp. 282-295. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.044
26. Omar, A. T.; Sadek, M. M.; and Hassan, A. A. A., “Impact Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Lightweight Self-Consolidating Concrete under Cold Temperatures,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 117, No. 5, Sept. 2020, pp. 81-91. doi: 10.14359/51725975
27. European Federation for Specialist Construction Chemicals and Concrete Systems, “The European Guidelines for Self-Compacting Concrete: Specification, Production and Use (SCC 028) (English edition),” EFNARC, Norfolk, UK, May 2005, 68 pp.
28. Ashour, S. A., “Effect of Compressive Strength and Tensile Reinforcement Ratio on Flexural Behavior of High-Strength Concrete Beams,” Engineering Structures, V. 22, No. 5, May 2000, pp. 413-423. doi: 10.1016/S0141-0296(98)00135-7
29. Rashid, M. A., and Mansur, M. A., “Reinforced High-Strength Concrete Beams in Flexure,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 102, No. 3, May-June 2005, pp. 462-471.
30. Lim, H. S.; Wee, T. H.; Mansur, M. A.; and Kong, K. H., “Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Beams,” Proceedings, Sixth Asia-Pacific Structural Engineering and Construction Conference (APSEC 2006), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Sept. 2006, 14 pp.
31. Huda, M. N.; Jumat, M. Z. B.; and Saiful Islam, A. B. M., “Flexural Performance of Reinforced Oil Palm Shell & Palm Oil Clinker Concrete (PSCC) Beam,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 127, Nov. 2016, pp. 18-25. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.106
32. Evangelista, L., and de Brito, J., “Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beams Made with Fine Recycled Concrete Aggregates,” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, V. 21, No. 1, Jan. 2017, pp. 353-363. doi: 10.1007/s12205-016-0653-8
33. BS 8110-1:1997, “Structural Use of Concrete—Part 1: Code of Practice for Design and Construction,” British Standards Institution, London, UK, 1997, 160 pp.
34. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary (ACI 318R-14),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2014, 520 pp.
35. CSA A23.3-14, “Design of Concrete Structures,” CSA Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2014, 297 pp.
36. AS 3600-2009, “Concrete Structures,” Standards Australia, Sydney, Australia, 2009, 199 pp.
37. BS EN 1992-1-1:2004, “Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures—Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings,” European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium, 2004, 227 pp.
38. Yang, K.-H.; Mun, J.-H.; Hwang, S.-H.; and Song, J.-K., “Flexural Capacity and Ductility of Lightweight Concrete T-Beams,” Structural Concrete, V. 21, No. 6, 2020, pp. 2708-2721. doi: 10.1002/suco.201900473
39. Yang, K.-H.; Sim, J.-I.; and Kang, T. H.-K., “Generalized Equivalent Stress Block Model Considering Varying Concrete Compressive Strength and Unit Weight,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 110, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2013, pp. 791-80