Title:
Effects of Surface Modification of Crumb Rubber with Polyvinyl Acetate on Rubberized Concrete
Author(s):
Omid Aghamohammadi, Davood Mostofinejad, and Sayyed Mahdi Abtahi
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
119
Issue:
1
Appears on pages(s):
195-206
Keywords:
crumb rubber concrete; durability-related parameters; mechanical properties; modification of rubber surface; polyvinyl acetate
DOI:
10.14359/51734195
Date:
1/1/2022
Abstract:
Burning or landfilling worn tires has irreversible destructive effects on the environment. The recycling of crumb rubber in concrete not only helps to solve one of the main environmental pollutants but may also enhance concrete ductility and energy absorption. The disadvantage associated with this practice, however, is that crumb rubber weakens concrete in terms of its mechanical properties and reduces its durability because of the hydrophobicity of crumb rubber that causes weak contact between the cement paste and the crumb rubber. To improve the adhesiveness of the interface surfaces, different additives have been considered for modifying the crumb rubber surface. For the present study, some 230 samples were prepared in which crumb rubber was used to replace fine aggregate over a range of 0 to 60% (approximately 25% of total aggregates volume) and polyvinyl acetate was used as a rubber surface modifier. Investigation of the mechanical properties and durability-related parameters of concrete containing different percentages of rubber thus modified revealed that crumb rubber surface modification improves concrete compressive, flexural, and tensile strengths by up to 12 to 18%. Also, durability-related parameters were observed to improve significantly as revealed by reductions of 68% and 30% in water absorption and water penetration depth, respectively. Moreover, chloride ion penetration and carbonation depths were found to decrease by 17% and 15%, respectively. The use of polyvinyl acetate as a modifier by improving the adhesion of crumb rubber and cement paste improves the strength characteristics and prevents the penetration of water and destructive substances into the concrete, which is very important for concrete pavements.
Related References:
1. World Business Council for Sustainable Development, “Global ELT Management—A Global State of Knowledge on Collection Rates, Recovery Routes, and Management Methods,” Geneva, Switzerland, 2018, pp. 12-14.
2. Strukar, K.; Šipoš, T. K.; Miličević, I.; and Bušić, R., “Potential Use of Rubber as Aggregate in Structural Reinforced Concrete Element—A Review,” Engineering Structures, V. 188, June 2019, pp. 452-468. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.03.031
3. Presti, D. L., “Recycled Tyre Rubber Modified Bitumens for Road Asphalt Mixtures: A Literature Review,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 49, Dec. 2013, pp. 863-881. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.09.007
4. AbdelAleem, B. H.; Ismail, M. K.; and Hassan, A. A., “The Combined Effect of Crumb Rubber and Synthetic Fibers on Impact Resistance of Self-Consolidating Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 162, Feb. 2018, pp. 816-829. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.077
5. Gonen, T., “Freezing-Thawing and Impact Resistance of Concretes Containing Waste Crumb Rubbers,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 177, July 2018, pp. 436-442. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.105
6. Mohammadi, I.; Khabbaz, H.; and Vessalas, K., “In-Depth Assessment of Crumb Rubber Concrete (CRC) Prepared by Water-Soaking Treatment Method for Rigid Pavements,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 71, Nov. 2014, pp. 456-471. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.085
7. Sukontasukkul, P., and Chaikaew, C., “Properties of Concrete Pedestrian Block Mixed with Crumb Rubber,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 20, No. 7, 2006, pp. 450-457. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.040
8. Zhang, H.; Gou, M.; Liu, X.; and Guan, X., “Effect of Rubber Particle Modification on Properties of Rubberized Concrete,” Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Materials Science Edition, V. 29, No. 4, 2014, pp. 763-768. doi: 10.1007/s11595-014-0993-5
9. Li, D.; Zhuge, Y.; Gravina, R.; and Mills, J. E., “Compressive Stress Strain Behavior of Crumb Rubber Concrete (CRC) and Application in Reinforced CRC Slab,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 166, Mar. 2018, pp. 745-759. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.142
10. Topcu, I. B., “The Properties of Rubberized Concretes,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 25, No. 2, 1995, pp. 304-310. doi: 10.1016/0008-8846(95)00014-3
11. Angelin, A. F.; Lintz, R. C. C.; Gachet-Barbosa, L. A.; and Osório, W. R., “The Effects of Porosity on Mechanical Behavior and Water Absorption of an Environmentally Friendly Cement Mortar with Recycled Rubber,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 151, Oct. 2017, pp. 534-545. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.06.061
12. Miller, N. M., and Tehrani, F. M., “Mechanical Properties of Rubberized Lightweight Aggregate Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 147, Aug. 2017, pp. 264-271. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.155
13. Thomas, B. S.; Gupta, R. C.; Kalla, P.; and Cseteneyi, L., “Strength, Abrasion and Permeation Characteristics of Cement Concrete Containing Discarded Rubber Fine Aggregates,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 59, May 2014, pp. 204-212. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.074
14. Xie, J.; Fang, C.; Lu, Z.; Li, Z.; and Li, L., “Effects of the Addition of Silica Fume and Rubber Particles on the Compressive Behaviour of Recycled Aggregate Concrete with Steel Fibres,” Journal of Cleaner Production, V. 197, Oct. 2018, pp. 656-667. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.237
15. Huang, B.; Shu, X.; and Cao, J., “A Two-Staged Surface Treatment to Improve Properties of Rubber Modified Cement Composites,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 40, Mar. 2013, pp. 270-274. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.014
16. Kashani, A.; Ngo, T. D.; Hemachandra, P.; and Hajimohammadi, A., “Effects of Surface Treatments of Recycled Tyre Crumb on Cement-Rubber Bonding in Concrete Composite Foam,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 171, May 2018, pp. 467-473. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.163
17. Najim, K. B., and Hall, M. R., “Crumb Rubber Aggregate Coatings/Pre-Treatments and Their Effects on Interfacial Bonding, Air Entrapment and Fracture Toughness in Self-Compacting Rubberised Concrete (SCRC),” Materials and Structures, V. 46, No. 12, 2013, pp. 2029-2043. doi: 10.1617/s11527-013-0034-4
18. Youssf, O.; Hassanli, R.; Mills, J. E.; and Elrahman, M. A., “An Experimental Investigation of the Mechanical Performance and Structural Application of LECA-Rubcrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 175, June 2018, pp. 239-253. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.184
19. Mohammadi, I.; Khabbaz, H.; and Vessalas, K., “Enhancing Mechanical Performance of Rubberised Concrete Pavements with Sodium Hydroxide Treatment,” Materials and Structures, V. 49, No. 3, 2016, pp. 813-827. doi: 10.1617/s11527-015-0540-7
20. Rivas-Vázquez, L.; Suárez-Orduña, R.; Hernández-Torres, J.; and Aquino-Bolaños, E., “Effect of the Surface Treatment of Recycled Rubber on the Mechanical Strength of Composite Concrete/Rubber,” Materials and Structures, V. 48, No. 9, 2015, pp. 2809-2814. doi: 10.1617/s11527-014-0355-y
21. ASTM C150/C150M-20, “Standard Specification for Portland Cement,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2020.
22. ASTM C33/C33M-18, “Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2018.
23. Khatib, Z. K., and Bayomy, F. M., “Rubberized Portland Cement Concrete,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 11, No. 3, 1999, pp. 206-213. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1999)11:3(206)
24. ACI Committee 211, “Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Normal, Heavyweight and Mass Concrete (ACI 211R-09),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1991.
25. ASTM C39/C39M-20, “Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2020.
26. ASTM C78-18, “Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading),” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2018.
27. ASTM C496-17, “Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2017.
28. ASTM C642-13, “Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2013.
29. BS EN 12390-8:2019, “Testing Hardened Concrete—Part 8: Depth of Penetration of Water under Pressure,” British Standards Institution, London, UK, 2019.
30. Gupta, T.; Chaudhary, S.; and Sharma, R. K., “Assessment of Mechanical and Durability Properties of Concrete Containing Waste Rubber Tire as Fine Aggregate,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 73, Dec. 2014, pp. 562-574. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.102
31. NT Build 357, “Concrete, Repairing Materials and Protective Coating: Carbonation Resistance,” NORDTEST, Espoo, Finland, 1989, pp. 1-3.
32. BS EN 13295:2004, “Products and Systems for the Protection and Repair of Concrete Structures–Test Methods–Determination of Resistance to Carbonation,” British Standards Institution, London, UK, 2004.
33. China Academy of Building Research, “Standard for Test Methods of Long-Term Performance and Durability of Ordinary Concrete (GB/T50082-2009),” China Architecture and Building Press, Beijing, China, 2009.
34. ASTM C1202-19, “Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2019.
35. Ganjian, E.; Khorami, M.; and Maghsoudi, A. A., “Scrap-Tyre-Rubber Replacement for Aggregate and Filler in Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 23, No. 5, 2009, pp. 1828-1836. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.09.020
36. Keshavarz, Z., and Mostofinejad, D., “Porcelain and Red Ceramic Wastes Used as Replacements for Coarse Aggregate in Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 195, Jan. 2019, pp. 218-230. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.033