Title:
Residual Seismic Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Walls with Unconfined Boundaries
Author(s):
Jorge F. Moscoso, Matías A. Hube, and Hernán Santa María
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
118
Issue:
5
Appears on pages(s):
205-220
Keywords:
crack width; cyclic; reinforced concrete (RC); residual capacity; seismic behavior; wall
DOI:
10.14359/51732830
Date:
9/1/2021
Abstract:
An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the residual
seismic capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) walls with unconfined
boundaries. Six walls were subjected to constant axial load and
cyclic lateral loading protocols. Three walls were tested under
one cyclic lateral loading protocol, and the other three walls
were tested under two cyclic lateral loading protocols to induce
initial damage. Primary test variables were the shear span-depth
ratio and the target drift ratio of the initial loading protocols. Test
results indicate that the six wall specimens showed a flexural dominated behavior. The residual crack widths measured in the three walls tested with initial damage were only 6% of the crack width suggested by FEMA 306 for the identified damage severity levels. The effective stiffness decreased significantly due to previous
damage. Finally, the maximum strength was not considerably affected and the lateral drift capacity was not reduced due to previous damage.
Related References:
ACI Committee 201, 2008, “Guide for Conducting a Visual Inspection of Concrete in Service (ACI 201.1R-08),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 16 pp.
ACI Committee 318, 2019, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19) and Commentary (ACI 318R-19),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 624 pp.
ACI Committee 369, 2017, “Standard Requirements for Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Concrete Buildings (ACI 369.1-17) and Commentary,” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 110 pp.
ACI Committee 374, 2013, “Guide for Testing Reinforced Concrete Structural Elements under Slowly Applied Simulated Seismic Loads (ACI 374.2R-13),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 18 pp.
ACI Innovation Task Group 5, 2008, “Acceptance Criteria for Special Unbonded Post-Tensioned Precast Structural Walls Based on Validation Testing (ACI ITG-5.1-07),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 19 pp.
Adebar, P.; Ibrahim, A.; and Bryson, M., 2007, “Test of High-Rise Core Wall: Effective Stiffness for Seismic Analysis,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 104, No. 5, Sept.-Oct., pp. 549-559.
Alarcon, C.; Hube, M. A.; and de la Llera, J. C., 2014, “Effect of Axial Loads in the Seismic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Walls with Unconfined Wall Boundaries,” Engineering Structures, V. 73, Aug, pp. 13-23. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.04.047
Amón, J., 2018, “Experimental Study of Seismic Behavior and the Residual Seismic Capacity in Slender Reinforced Concrete Walls,” master’s thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Santiago, Chile, 281 pp. (in Spanish)
ASCE/SEI 41‐17, 2017, “Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Existing Buildings,” American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.
ATC-40, 1996, “Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings,” Applied Technology Council, Redwood City, CA.
Barthès, C. B., 2015, “Optecal DIC Software: Computer Software,” Digital Image Correlation Software, Berkeley, CA, 2015, www.optecal.com.
Beca Carter Hollings & Ferner, 2011, “Investigation into the Collapse of the Pyne Gould Corporation Building on 22nd February 2011,” Department of Building and Housing, Auckland, New Zealand.
Canterbury Earthquakes Royal Commission, 2012, “The Performance of Christchurch CBD Buildings (Final Report),” V. 2, CERC, Wellington, New Zealand.
Chiu, C. K.; Sung, H. F.; Chi, K. N.; and Hsiao, F. P., 2019, “Experimental Quantification on the Residual Seismic Capacity of Damaged RC Column Members,” International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, V. 13, No. 1, pp. 1-22. doi: 10.1186/s40069-019-0361-0
Chung, Y.; Park, C.; and Meyer, C., 2008, “Residual Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Piers after Moderate Earthquakes,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 105, No. 1, Jan.-Feb., pp. 87-95.
Elwood, K. J., 2013, “Performance of Concrete Buildings in the 22 February 2011 Christchurch Earthquake and Implications for Canadian Codes,” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, V. 40, No. 8, pp. 759-776. doi: 10.1139/cjce-2011-0564
Elwood, K. J.; Marder, K.; Pampanin, S.; Cuevas Ramirez, A.; Kral, M.; Smith, P.; Cattanach, A.; and Stannard, M., 2016, “Draft Framework for Assessing Residual Capacity of Earthquake-Damaged Concrete Buildings,” Proceedings, New Zealand Society of Earthquake Engineering Conference, Christchurch, New Zealand.
FEMA 273, 1998, “NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings,” Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC, 1998.
FEMA 306, 1998, “Evaluation of Earthquake Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall Buildings,” Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC.
FEMA 307, 1998, “Evaluation of Earthquake Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall Buildings,” Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC.
FEMA P440A, 2009, “Effects of Strength and Stiffness Degradation on Seismic Response,” Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC, 2009.
Japan Building Disaster Prevention Association, 2001, “Guideline for Post-Earthquake Damage Evaluation and Rehabilitation,” JBDPA, Tokyo, Japan.
Japan Building Disaster Prevention Association, 2015, “Standard for Seismic Evaluation of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings—Guidelines for Seismic Retrofit of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings—Technical Manual for Seismic Evaluation and Seismic Retrofit of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings,” JBDPA, Tokyo, Japan.
Jünemann, R.; de la Llera, J. C.; Hube, M. A.; Cifuentes, L. A.; and Kausel, E., 2015, “A Statistical Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Wall Buildings Damaged during the 2010, Chile Earthquake,” Engineering Structures, V. 82, Jan, pp. 168-185. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.10.014
Lagos, R.; Kupfer, M.; Lindenberg, J.; Bonelli, P.; Saragoni, R.; Guendelman, T.; Massone, L.; Boroschek, R.; and Yañez, F., 2012, “Seismic Performance of High-Rise Concrete Buildings in Chile,” International Journal of High-Rise Buildings, V. 1, No. 3, pp. 181-194.
Madani, H., and Dolatshahi, K., 2020, “Strength and Stiffness Estimation of Damaged Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls Using Crack Patterns,” Structural Control and Health Monitoring, V. 27, No. 4, p. e2494. doi: 10.1002/stc.2494
Maeda, M., and Kang, D. E., 2009, “Post-Earthquake Damage Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Buildings,” Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, V. 7, No. 3, pp. 327-335. doi: 10.3151/jact.7.327
Maeda, M.; Nakano, Y.; and Lee, K., 2004, “Post-Earthquake Damage Evaluation for R/C Buildings Based on Residual Seismic Capacity,” Proceedings, Thirteenth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2004.
Marder, K. J.; Elwood, K. J.; Motter, C. J.; and Clifton, G. C., 2020, “Post-Earthquake Assessment of Moderately Damaged Reinforced Concrete Plastic Hinges,” Earthquake Spectra, V. 36, No. 1, pp. 299-321. doi: 10.1177/8755293019878192
Marder, K. J.; Motter, C. J.; Elwood, K. J.; and Clifton, G. C., 2018a, “Effects of Variation in Loading Protocol on the Strength and Deformation Capacity of Ductile Reinforced Concrete Beams,” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, V. 47, No. 11, pp. 2195-2213. doi: 10.1002/eqe.3064
Marder, K. J.; Motter, C. J.; Elwood, K. J.; and Clifton, G. C., 2018b, “Testing of 17 Identical Ductile Reinforced Concrete Beams with Various Loading Protocols and Boundary Conditions,” Earthquake Spectra, V. 34, No. 3, pp. 1025-1049. doi: 10.1193/101717EQS215DP
Marquis, F.; Kim, J. J.; Elwood, K. J.; and Chang, S. E., 2017, “Understanding Post-Earthquake Decisions on Multi-Storey Concrete Buildings in Christchurch, New Zealand,” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, V. 15, No. 2, pp. 731-758. doi: 10.1007/s10518-015-9772-8
Moehle, J. P., 2014, Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete Buildings, McGraw-Hill Education, New York, 760 pp.
Park, R., 1988, “Ductility Evaluation from Laboratory and Analytical Testing,” Proceedings, Ninth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo-Kyoto, Japan, pp. 605-616.
Parra, P. F.; Arteta, C. A.; and Moehle, J. P., 2019, “Modeling Criteria of Older Non-Ductile Concrete Frame—Wall Buildings,” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, V. 17, No. 12, pp. 6591-6620. doi: 10.1007/s10518-019-00697-y
Polese, M.; Di Ludovico, M.; Prota, A.; and Manfredi, G., 2012, “Residual Capacity of Earthquake Damaged Buildings” Fifteenth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisboa, Portugal.
Rivera, J.; Josipovic, G.; Lejeune, E.; Luna, B.; and Whittaker, A., 2015, “Automated Detection and Measurement of Cracks in Reinforced Concrete Components,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 112, No. 3, May-June, pp. 397-406. doi: 10.14359/51687424
Wallace, J. W.; Massone, L. M.; Bonelli, P.; Dragovich, J.; Lagos, R.; Luders, C.; and Moehle, J., 2012, “Damage and Implications for Seismic Design of RC Structural Wall Buildings,” Earthquake Spectra, V. 28, pp. 281-299. doi: 10.1193/1.4000047
Walsh, K.; Henry, R.; Simkin, G.; Brooke, N.; Davidson, B.; and Ingham, J., 2016, “Testing of Reinforced Concrete Frames Extracted from a Building Damaged during the Canterbury Earthquakes,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 113, No. 2, Mar.-Apr., pp. 349-362. doi: 10.14359/51688198