Title:
European Seismic Performance Categories C1 and C2 for Post-Installed Anchors
Author(s):
Philipp Mahrenholtz and Richard L. Wood
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
117
Issue:
6
Appears on pages(s):
31-44
Keywords:
anchor; crack width; earthquake; experimental testing; load and crack cycling; seismic qualification and design; tension and shear load
DOI:
10.14359/51728071
Date:
11/1/2020
Abstract:
The recent publication of European design and qualification standards for post-installed anchors in seismic applications is a milestone in safe anchoring. A longstanding deficiency in European anchor qualification procedures has been addressed and a new seismic performance category has been introduced: the C2 seismic performance category. In the meantime, the discussion has started to also introduce the C2 category into ACI 355 and ACI 318. The primary aim of this paper is to provide the engineering community with the background and information necessary to understand the idea and rationale of the C2 qualification. After providing a brief background on the subject, the authors compare both the U.S. and European qualification requirements and examine the effect of the enhanced C2 requirements on the approved anchor design strength
by an example study and database analysis of European approvals. The consistent system of product approval and the compatibility of
the C2 category with the existing anchor design provisions in the United States makes the adoption of the C2 category in ACI standards feasible. A meaningful regulation when designing for the C2 requirements is critical.
Related References:
1. ACI Committee 355, “Qualification of Post-Installed Mechanical Anchors in Concrete (ACI 355.2-19) and Commentary,” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2019, 92 pp.
2. ACI Committee 355, “Qualification of Post-Installed Adhesive Anchors in Concrete (ACI 355.4-19) and Commentary,” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2019, 51 pp.
3. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19) and Commentary (ACI 318R-19),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2019, 624 pp.
4. EN 1992-4, “Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures – Part 4: Design of Fastenings for Use in Concrete,” European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels, Belgium, 2018.
5. EAD 330232-00-0601, “Mechanical Fasteners for Use in Concrete,” European Assessment Document, EOTA, 2016.
6. EAD 330499-00-0601, “Bonded Fasteners for Use in Concrete,” European Assessment Document, EOTA, 2017.
7. Durkin, M., and Thiel, C., Jr., “Improving Measures to Reduce Earthquake Casualties,” Earthquake Spectra, V. 8, No. 1, 1992, pp. 95-113. doi: 10.1193/1.1585672
8. Taghavi, S., and Miranda, E., “Response Assessment of Nonstructural Building Elements,” PEER 2003/05, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley College of Engineering, Berkeley, CA, 2003.
9. Griffin, M., and Winn, V., “Nonstructural Seismic Performance for Facilities in Seismic Regions: Is the Expected Earthquake Performance Really Being Achieved,” Proceedings of the ATC & SEI 2009 Conference on Improving the Seismic Performance of Existing Buildings and Other Structures, San Francisco, CA, 2009, pp. 651-662.
10. Silva, J., “Test Methods for Seismic Qualification of Post-Installed Anchors,” Proceedings of the Symposium on Connections between Steel and Concrete, Stuttgart, Germany, 2001.
11. ACI Committee 355, “Qualification of Post-Installed Mechanical Anchors in Concrete (ACI 355.2-01) and Commentary,” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2001.
12. Wood, R., and Hutchinson, T., “Crack Protocols for Anchored Components and Systems,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 110, No. 3, May-June 2013, pp. 391-401.
13. Mahrenholtz, P.; Hutchinson, T.; and Eligehausen, R., “Shake Table Tests on Suspended Nonstructural Components Anchored in Cyclically Cracked Concrete,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 140, No. 11, 2014, p. 04014079. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000979
14. Tang, J., and Deans, J., “Test Criteria and Method for Seismic Qualification of Concrete Expansion Anchors,” Proceedings of the 4th Canadian Conference on Earthquake Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 1983, pp. 58-69.
15. Hoehler, M., “Behavior and Testing of Fastenings to Concrete for Use in Seismic Applications,” dissertation, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, 2006.
16. Schillinger, P., and Bucher, A., “Crack Movement Test—Differences in European and American Standards,” Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium ConSC2017 (Connections between Steel and Concrete), Stuttgart, Germany, 2017.
17. Mahrenholtz, P.; Wood, R.; Eligehausen, R.; Hutchinson, T.; and Hoehler, M., “Development and Validation of European Guidelines for Seismic Qualification of Post-Installed Anchors,” Engineering Structures, V. 148, 2017, pp. 497-508. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.06.048
18. ETAG 001, “Guideline for European Technical Approval of Metal Anchors for Use in Concrete, Parts 1-6,” European Organization of Technical Approvals (EOTA), Brussels, Belgium, 2006.
19. Mahrenholtz, P.; Eligehausen, R.; Hutchinson, T.; and Hoehler, M., “Behavior of Post-Installed Anchors Tested by Stepwise Increasing Cyclic Load Protocols in Tension and Shear,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 113, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2016, pp. 997-1008.
20. Mahrenholtz, C.; Eligehausen, R.; Hutchinson, T.; and Hoehler, M., “Behavior of Post-Installed Anchors Tested by Stepwise Increasing Cyclic Crack Protocols,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 114, No. 3, May-June 2017, pp. 621-630.
21. ETAG Annex E, “Guideline for European Technical Approval of Metal Anchors for Use in Concrete - Annex E: Assessment of Metal Anchors under Seismic Actions,” 2013.
22. EOTA TR 049, “Post-Installed Fasteners in Concrete under Seismic Action,” Technical Report 049 of the European Organization of Technical Approvals (EOTA), Brussels, Belgium, 2016.
23. Gramaxo, J., and Ural, M., “New European Seismic Regulations for the Qualification and Design of Post-Installed Anchoring,” Proceedings of the Second European Earthquake Conference (2ECEE), Istanbul, Turkey, 2014.
24. Muciaccia, G., and Marchisella, A., “A Review of Existing Provisions for Seismic Qualification and Design of Post-Installed Fasteners,” Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium ConSC2017 (Connections between Steel and Concrete), Stuttgart, Germany, 2017.
25. AC510, “Acceptance Criteria for the Testing and Assessment of Post-Installed Anchors in Concrete to Resist Seismic Actions,” Whittier, California, 2019, under review.
26. Mahrenholtz, P., and Eligehausen, R., “Anchor Displacement Behavior during Simultaneous Load and Crack Cycling,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 113, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2016, pp. 645-652.
27. Mahrenholtz, P.; Hutchinson, T.; and Eligehausen, R., “Performance of Suspended Nonstructural Components and Their Anchorage during Shake Table Tests,” Earthquake Spectra, V. 32, No. 3, Aug. 2016, pp. 1325-1343.
28. Hutchinson, T., and Wood, R., “Cyclic Load Protocol for Anchored Nonstructural Components and Systems,” Earthquake Spectra, V. 29, No. 3, Aug. 2013, pp. 817-842.
29. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08) and Commentary (ACI 318R-08),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2008, 473 pp.
30. ASCE 7-05, “Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures: Revision of ANSI/ASCE 7-05,” American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Reston, VA, 2005.
31. EN 1998-1, “Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance – Part 1: General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings,” European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels, Belgium, 2010.
32. Mahrenholtz, P., and Wood, R., “Seismic Anchor Performance Categories and Performance Based Design,” Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium ConSC2017 (Connections between Steel and Concrete), Stuttgart, Germany, 2017.
33. Eligehausen, R., and Asmus, J., “Zuverlässigkeitsprüfungen an Dübeln in Linienrissen (Reliability tests on fasteners in line cracks),” Report No. 1/49A-91/1A, Institut für Werkstoffe im Bauwesen, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, 1991. (in German)
34. Eligehausen, R.; Mallée, R.; and Silva, J., Anchorage in Concrete Construction, Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, Germany, 2006.
35. Mahrenholtz, P., “Experimental Performance and Recommendations for Qualification of Post-Installed Anchors for Seismic Applications,” dissertation, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, 2012.
36. ASCE 7-16, “Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures. Revision of ASCE 7-10,” American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Reston, VA, 2016.
37. Mahrenholtz, P., and Olsen, J., “Brief Comparison of US and European Regulations for the Qualification and Design of Seismic Anchors,” Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Life-Cycle Civil Engineering (IALCCE 2014), Tokyo, Japan, 2014, pp. 267-274.
38. EN 1992-4/NA, “Eurocode 2 - Design of Concrete Structures - Part 4: Design of Fastenings for Use in Concrete - German National Annex,” European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels, Belgium, 2017.
39. ETC-C, “EPR Technical Code for Civil Works,” French Association for NPP Design and Construction Rules (AFCEN), 2010.
40. DIBt NPP Guideline, “Guideline for Fastenings with Anchors in Nuclear Power Plants and Nuclear Facilities,” Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik (DIBt), Berlin, Germany, 2010.