Title:
Effect of Recycled Aggregate Characteristics on Drying Shrinkage of Paving Concrete
Author(s):
Seyedhamed Sadati and Kamal H. Khayat
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
117
Issue:
2
Appears on pages(s):
87-97
Keywords:
cracking susceptibility; recycled concrete aggregate; rigid pavement; shrinkage; sustainability; transportation infrastructure
DOI:
10.14359/51720296
Date:
3/1/2020
Abstract:
The research presented in this paper addresses the effect of coarse recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) on drying shrinkage of concrete designated for transportation infrastructure. Six types of RCA were employed at 30 to 100% replacement rates of virgin coarse aggregate. Two binder systems, including a binary cement with 25% Class C fly ash and a ternary system with 35% fly ash and 15% slag were employed. Three different water-cementitious materials ratios (w/cm) of 0.37, 0.40, and 0.45 were considered. Test results indicate that the use of RCA increased drying shrinkage by up to 110% and 60% after 7 and 90 days of drying, respectively. Correlations with R2 of up to 0.85 were established to determine the shrinkage at 7, 28, 56, and 90 days as a function of aggregate properties, including specific gravity, water absorption, and Los Angeles abrasion resistance of the combined coarse aggregates. The water absorption of the combined coarse aggregate was shown to be a good index to showcase the effect of RCA on shrinkage. Contour graphs were developed to determine the effect of RCA content and its key physical properties on 90-day drying shrinkage of concrete intended for rigid pavement construction. A classification system available in the literature was also used to suggest the maximum allowable replacement rates for use of RCA in a hypothetical case study. Results suggest replacement rates of 100%, 70%, and 50% (% wt.) to limit the 90-day shrinkage to 500 μɛ when RCA of A-1, A-2, and A-3 Classes are available, respectively.
Related References:
1. Gonzalez, G. P., and Moo-Young, H. K., “Transportation Applications of Recycled Concrete Aggregate,” FHWA State of the Practice National Review, 2004, https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/pavement/recycling/applications.pdf.
2. Jones, C., “Recycled Concrete Aggregate—A Sustainable Choice for Unbound Base,” Construction and Demolition Recycling Association, 2012, http://www.cdrecycling.org.
3. Van Dam, T. J.; Harvey, J. T.; Muench, S. T.; Smith, K. D.; Snyder, M. B.; and Al-Qadi, I. L., “Towards Sustainable Pavement Systems: A Reference Document,” U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, Report No. FHWA-HIF-15-002, 2015, 458 pp.
4. Hansen, K. R., and Copeland, A., “Annual Asphalt Pavement Industry Survey on Recycled Materials and Warm-Mix Asphalt Usage: (2009-2012),” No. IS-138, National Asphalt Pavement Association, Greenbelt, MD.
5. Silva, R. V.; De Brito, J.; and Dhir, R. K., “Properties and Composition of Recycled Aggregates from Construction and Demolition Waste Suitable for Concrete Production,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 65, 2014, pp. 201-217. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.117
6. Sagoe-Crentsil, K. K.; Brown, T.; and Taylor, A. H., “Performance of Concrete Made with Commercially Produced Coarse Recycled Concrete Aggregate,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 31, No. 5, 2001, pp. 707-712. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00476-2
7. Xiao, J.; Li, W.; Fan, Y.; and Huang, X., “An Overview of Study on Recycled Aggregate Concrete in China (1996-2011),” Construction and Building Materials, V. 31, 2012, pp. 364-383. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.074
8. Corinaldesi, V., “Mechanical and Elastic Behaviour of Concretes Made of Recycled-Concrete Coarse Aggregates,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 24, No. 9, 2010, pp. 1616-1620. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.02.031
9. Cui, H. Z.; Shi, X.; Memon, S. A.; Xing, F.; and Tang, W., “Experimental Study on the Influence of Water Absorption of Recycled Coarse Aggregates on Properties of the Resulting Concretes,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 27, No. 4, 2015, p. 04014138. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001086
10. Gonzalez-Corominas, A., and Etxeberria, M., “Effects of Using Recycled Concrete Aggregates on the Shrinkage of High-Performance Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 115, 2016, pp. 32-41. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.031
11. Silva, R. V.; De Brito, J.; and Dhir, R. K., “Prediction of the Shrinkage Behavior of Recycled Aggregate Concrete: A Review,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 77, 2015, pp. 327-339. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.102
12. Vázquez, E.; Hendriks, C.; and Janssen, G. M. T., “Draft of Spanish Regulations for the Use of Recycled Aggregate in the Production of Structural Concrete (Task Force of the Standing Committee of Concrete of Spain),” International RILEM conference on the Use of Recycled Materials in Building and Structures, RILEM Publications SARL, Barcelona, Spain, 2004, pp. 511-525.
13. NCHRP Synthesis 435, “Recycled Materials and Byproducts in Highway Applications—Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Recycled Concrete Aggregate, and Construction Demolition Waste,” National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, V. 6, 2013.
14. Sadati, S., and Khayat, K. H., “Field Performance of Concrete Pavement Incorporating Recycled Concrete Aggregate,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 126, 2016, pp. 691-700. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.087
15. Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT), “Supplemental Specifications to 2004 Missouri Standard Specifications for Highway Construction, Section 500: Concrete,” MoDOT, Jefferson City, MO, 2016.
16. Khayat, K., and Sadati, S., “High-Volume Recycled Materials for Sustainable Pavement Construction,” Final Report, Missouri Department of Transportation, 2017.
17. ASTM C88-13, “Standard Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2013, 5 pp.
18. Abbas, A.; Fathifazl, G.; Isgor, O. B.; Razaqpur, A. G.; Fournier, B.; and Foo, S., “Proposed Method for Determining the Residual Mortar Content of Recycled Concrete Aggregates,” Journal of ASTM International, V. 5, No. 1, 2007, pp. 1-12.
19. ASTM C672/C672M-12, “Standard Test Method for Scaling Resistance of Concrete Surfaces Exposed to Deicing Chemicals,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2016, 3 pp.
20. Khayat, K. H., and Sadati, S., “Recycled Concrete Aggregate: Field Implementation at the Stan Musial Veterans Memorial Bridge,” National University Transportation Center (NUTC), Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 2014.
21. Volz, J. S.; SE, P.; Khayat, K. H.; Arezoumandi, M.; Drury, J.; Sadati, S.; Smith, A.; and Steele, A., “Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) for Infrastructure Elements,” National University Transportation Center (NUTC), Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 2014.
22. Sadati, S., and Khayat, K. H., “Can Concrete Containing High-Volume Recycled Concrete Aggregate Be Durable?” ACI Materials Journal, V. 115, No. 3, May 2018, pp. 471-480. doi: 10.14359/51702190
23. Sadati, S., “High-Volume Recycled Materials for Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure,” PhD dissertation, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 2017.
24. ASTM C157/C157M, “Standard Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete,” West Conshohocken, PA, 2008, 7 pp.
25. AASHTO MP-16, “Standard Specification for Reclaimed Concrete Aggregate (RCA) for use as Coarse Aggregate in Hydraulic Cement Concrete,” 2015, 9 pp.
26. McNeil, K., and Kang, T. H. K., “Recycled Concrete Aggregates: A review,” International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, V. 7, No. 1, 2013, pp. 61-69. doi: 10.1007/s40069-013-0032-5
27. Omary, S.; Ghorbel, E.; and Wardeh, G., “Relationships Between Recycled Concrete Aggregates Characteristics and Recycled Aggregates Concretes Properties,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 108, 2016, pp. 163-174. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.01.042
28. Rudy, A., “Optimization of Mixture Proportions for Concrete Pavements—Influence of Supplementary Cementitious Materials, Paste Content and Aggregate Gradation,” PhD dissertation, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 2009.
29. Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT), “Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction: Section 1020,” Portland Cement Concrete, IDOT, Springfield, IL, 2012.
30. Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT), “Standard Specifications 2016–Section 500–Concrete Pavement,” INDOT, Indianapolis, IN, 2008.
31. Iowa Department of Transportation (Iowa DOT), “Portland Cement (PC) Concrete Proportions—IM 529,” Iowa DOT, Ames, IA, 2008.
32. Iowa Department of Transportation (Iowa DOT), “Standard Specifications with GS-01015 Revisions – Section 2301: Portland Cement Concrete Pavement,” Iowa DOT, Ames, IA, 2008.
33. Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT), “Standard Specifications for State Road and Bridge Construction – Section 401: Concrete,” KDOT, Topeka, KS, 2015.
34. Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT), “Standard Specifications for Construction,” MDOT, Lansing, MI, 2012.
35. Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT), “Standard Specifications for Construction – Section 2301: Concrete Pavement,” MnDOT, St. Paul, MN, 2016 https://www.dot.state.mn.us/materials/concretedocs/Section_3_2301_Specifications.pdf.
36. Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT), “2008 Construction and Material Specifications: ITEM 499 Concrete – General, ODOT, Columbus, OH, 2008. http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/ConstructionMgt/OnlineDocs/Pages/2008OnlineSpecBook.aspx.
37. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT), “Specifications: Section 704 – Cement Concrete, Publication No.408/2007-4, PennDOT, Harrisburg, PA, 2009.
38. Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT), “Road and Bridge Specifications: Section 217.02: Materials,” VDOT, Richmond, VA., pp. 201-221, 2016.