Title:
Behavior of Epoxy Bonded Bars in Concrete Affected by Alkali-Silica Reaction
Author(s):
Félix-Antoine Villemure, Mathieu Fiset, Josée Bastien, Denis Mitchell, and Benoit Fournier
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
116
Issue:
6
Appears on pages(s):
179-191
Keywords:
alkali-silica reaction (ASR); bond; post-installed reinforcing bar; pullout test
DOI:
10.14359/51719069
Date:
11/1/2019
Abstract:
Installation of drilled-in epoxy-bonded reinforcing bars is generally an effective strengthening method to increase the flexural and shear capacities of deficient concrete structures. However, most of the available studies characterizing the bond behavior of epoxy bonded bars in concrete have been carried out on sound concrete elements—that is, without any pathological material damage. This raises the question of bond capacities in existing damaged elements. This study investigates the influence of alkali-silica reaction (ASR) on the capacity of post-installed reinforcing bars. ASR is a deleterious mechanism that causes expansion and cracking in the affected concrete elements. Pullout tests on post-installed reinforcing bars having embedded lengths of 2db, 4db, and 5db with 15M reinforcing bars (db = 15.9 mm [0.626 in.]) have demonstrated a drop-in bond strength when concrete is affected by ASR. In addition, the study revealed that the progression of concrete expansion due to ASR may lead to some confinement of the post-installed reinforcing bar and possibly increases the bond strength.
Related References:
1. Mitchell, D.; Marchand, J.; Croteau, P.; and Cook, W. D., “Concorde Overpass Collapse: Structural Aspects,” Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, V. 25, No. 6, 2011, pp. 545-553. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000183
2. Cusson, B., Renforcement des dalles épaisses en cisaillement, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, 2012, 143 pp.
3. Provencher, P., Renforcement des dalles épaisses en cisaillement, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, 2010, 130 pp.
4. Fernández Ruiz, M.; Muttoni, A.; and Kunz, J., “Strengthening of Flat Slabs against Punching Shear Using Post-Installed Shear Reinforcement,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 107, No. 4, July-Aug. 2010, pp. 434-442.
5. Mahrenholtz, C., Seismic Bond Model for Concrete Reinforcement and the Application to Column-to-Foundation Connections, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, 2012, 417 pp.
6. Walraven, J. C., “Aggregate Interlock: A Theoretical and Experimental Analysis,” Delft University, Delft, the Netherlands, 1980, 210 pp.
7. Vecchio, F. J., and Collins, M. P., “The Modified Compression-Field Theory for Reinforced Concrete Elements Subjected to Shear,” ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 83, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 1986, pp. 219-231.
8. Lutz, L. A., and Gergely, P., “Mechanics of Bond and Slip of Deformed Bars in Concrete,” ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 64, No. 11, Nov. 1967, pp. 711-722.
9. Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 408, “Bond and Development of Straight Reinforcing Bars in Tension (ACI 408R-03),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2003, 49 pp.
10. Azizinamini, A.; Chisala, M.; and Ghosh, S., “Tension Development Length of Reinforcing Bars Embedded in High-Strength Concrete,” Engineering Structures, V. 17, No. 7, 1995, pp. 512-522. doi: 10.1016/0141-0296(95)00096-P
11. Darwin, D., and Graham, E. K., “Effect of Deformation Height and Spacing on Bond Strength of Reinforcing Bars,” University of Kansas Center for Research, Lawrence, KS, 1993, 71 pp.
12. Darwin, D.; Tholen, M. L.; Idun, E. K.; and Zuo, J., “Splice Strength of High Relative Rib Area Reinforcing Bars,” University of Kansas Center for Research, Lawrence, KS, 1995, 58 pp.
13. Darwin, D.; Zuo, J.; Tholen, M. L.; and Idun, E. K., “Development Length Criteria for Conventional and High Relative Rib Area Reinforcing Bars,” University of Kansas Center for Research, Lawrence, KS, 1995, 70 pp.
14. Eligehausen, R.; Popov, E. P.; and Bertero, V. V., “Local Bond Stress-Slip Relationships of Deformed Bars under Generalized Excitations” University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 1983, 169 pp.
15. Tepfers, R., “A Theory of Bond Applied to Overlapped Tensile Reinforcement Splices for Deformed Bars,” Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, 1973, 328 pp.
16. Eligehausen R., Mallée R., Silva J. F., Anchorage in Concrete Construction, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2006, 378 pp.
17. Zuo, J., and Darwin, D., “Splice Strength of Conventional and High Relative Rib Area Bars in Normal and High-Strength Concrete,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 97, No. 4, July-Aug. 2000, pp. 630-641.
18. Mazzarolo, E.; Scotta, R.; Berto, L.; and Saetta, A., “Long Anchorage Bond-Slip Formulation for Modeling of RC Elements and Joints,” Engineering Structures, V. 34, 2012, pp. 330-341. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.09.005
19. fib, “fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010,” Lausanne, Switzerland, 2013, 653 pp.
20. Lindgård, J.; Andiç-Çakır, Ö.; Fernandes, I.; Rønning, T. F.; and Thomas, M. D., “Alkali-Silica Reactions (ASR): Literature Review on Parameters Influencing Laboratory Performance Testing,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 42, No. 2, 2012, pp. 223-243. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.10.004
21. Sims, I., and Poole, A. B., Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete: A World Review, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2017, 768 pp.
22. Sanchez, L.; Fournier, B.; Jolin, M.; Mitchell, D.; and Bastien, J., “Overall Assessment of Alkali-Aggregate Reaction (AAR) in Concretes Presenting Different Strengths and Incorporating a Wide Range of Reactive Aggregate Types and Natures,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 93, 2017, pp. 17-31. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.12.001
23. Thomas, M. D.; Fournier, B.; and Folliard, K. J., Alkali-Aggregate Reactivity (AAR) Facts Book, FHWA-HIF-13-019, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Washington, DC, 2013, 212 pp.
24. Hobbs, D. W., Alkali-Silica Reaction in Concrete, Thomas Telford Publishing, London, UK, 1988, 183 pp.
25. Nixon, P., and Bollinghaus, R., “The Effect of Alkali Aggregate Reaction on Tensile and Compressive Strength of Concrete,” Durability of Building Materials, V. 2, No. 3, 1985, pp. 243-248.
26. Kubo, Y., and Nakata, M., “Effect of Reactive Aggregate on Mechanical Properties of Concrete Affected by Alkali-Silica Reaction,” Proceedings 14th ICAAR - International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete, May 20-25, 2012, Austin, TX.
27. Giaccio, G.; Zerbino, R.; Ponce, J.; and Batic, O. R., “Mechanical Behavior of Concretes Damaged by Alkali-Silica Reaction,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 38, No. 7, 2008, pp. 993-1004. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.02.009
28. ISE, “Structural Effects of Alkali-Silica Reaction,” The Institution of Structural Engineers, UK, 1992, 48 pp.
29. Sanchez, L., “Contribution to the Assessment of Damage in Aging Concrete Infrastructures Affected by Alkali-Aggregate Reaction,” Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, 2014, 377 pp.
30. Villeneuve, V., “Détermination de l'endommagement du béton par méthode pétrographique quantitative,” Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada, 2011, 366 pp.
31. Thomas, M. D.; Fournier, B.; Folliard, K. J.; Ideker, J. H.; and Resendez, Y., “The Use of Lithium to Prevent or Mitigate Alkali-Silica Reactions in Concrete Pavements and Structures,” FHWA-HRT-06-133, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Washington, DC, 2006, 54 pp.
32. ASTM-A996/A996M, “Standard Specification for Rail-Steel and Axle-Steel Deformed Bars for Concrete Reinforcement,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2016, 5 pp.
33. Cook, R. A., “Behavior of Chemically Bonded Anchors,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 119, No. 9, 1993, pp. 2744-2762. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1993)119:9(2744)
34. Appl, J.-J., “Tragverhalten von Verbunddübeln unter Zugbelastung (Load Bearing Behaviour of Bonded Anchors under Tension Loading),” Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, 2009, 276 pp.
35. Sanchez, L. F. M.; Fournier, B.; Jolin, M.; and Bastien, J., “Evaluation of the Stiffness Damage Test (SDT) as a Tool for Assessing Damage in Concrete Due to ASR: Test Loading and Output Responses for Concretes Incorporating Fine or Coarse Reactive Aggregates,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 56, 2014, pp. 213-229. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.11.003
36. ASTM C1231, “Standard Practice for Use of Unbonded Caps in Determination of Compressive Strength of Hardened Cylindrical Concrete Specimens,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2014, 10 pp.
37. ASTM C496, “Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2017, 10 pp.
38. ASTM C469, “Standard Test Method for Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson’s Ratio of Concrete in Compression,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2014, 10 pp.
39. Sanchez, L.; Fournier, B.; Jolin, M.; Bastien, J.; and Mitchell, D., “Practical Use of the Stiffness Damage Test (SDT) for Assessing Damage in Concrete Infrastructure Affected by Alkali-Silica Reaction,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 125, 2016, pp. 1178-1188. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.101
40. Allard, A.; Bilodeau, S.; Pissot, F.; Fournier, B.; Bastien, J.; and Bissonnette, B., “Performance Evaluation of Thick Concrete Slabs Affected by Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR): Part 1: Material Aspects,” Proceedings 15th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction, São Paulo, Brazil, 2016, 10 pp.
41. CSA A23.2-14, “Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction/Test Methods and Standard Practices for Concrete,” CSA Group, Mississauga, ON, Canada, 2014, 690 pp.
42. ASTM E8, “Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2013, 28 pp.
43. ASTM E111, “Standard Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Tangent Modulus, and Chord Modulus,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2017, 14 pp.
44. Villemure, F.-A., “Effet de la réaction alcalis-silice (RAS) sur l'adhérence des ancrages époxydiques de barres d'armature” Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada, 2018, 202 pp.
45. Sanchez, L. F. M.; Multon, S.; Sellier, A.; Cyr, M.; Fournier, B.; and Jolin, M., “Comparative Study of a Chemo-Mechanical Modeling for Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) with Experimental Evidences,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 72, Dec. 2014, pp. 301-315. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.007
46. Smaoui, N.; Bérubé, M.-A.; Fournier, B.; and Bissonnette, B., “Influence of Specimen Geometry, Orientation of Casting Plane, and Mode of Concrete Consolidation on Expansion Due to ASR,” Cement, Concrete and Aggregates, V. 26, No. 2, 2004, pp. 58-70. doi: 10.1520/CCA11927
47. Clayton, N.; Currie, R.; and Moss, R., “Effects of Alkali-Silica Reaction on the Strength of Prestressed Concrete Beams,” Structural Engineering, V. 68, No. 15, 1990, pp. 287-292.
48. Komar, A.; Hartell, J.; and Boyd, A., “Pressure Tension Test: Reliability for Assessing Concrete Deterioration,” Proceedings Seventh International Conference on Concrete under Severe Conditions - Environment and Loading, 2013, Nanjing, China.
49. Lowes, L. N.; Moehle, J. P.; and Govindjee, S., “Concrete-Steel Bond Model for Use in Finite Element Modeling of Reinforced Concrete Structures,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 101, No. 4, July-Aug. 2004, pp. 501-511.
50. Shima, H.; Chou, L.-L.; and Okamura, H., “Bond Characteristics in Post-Yield Range of Deformed Bars,” Doboku Gakkai Rombunshuu, V. 1987, No. 378, 1987, pp. 213-220. doi: 10.2208/jscej.1987.378_213
51. Brantschen, F.; Faria, D. M.; Fernández Ruiz, M.; and Muttoni, A., “Bond Behaviour of Straight, Hooked, U‐Shaped and Headed Bars in Cracked Concrete,” Structural Concrete, V. 17, No. 5, 2016, pp. 799-810. doi: 10.1002/suco.201500199