Title:
Alkali-Silica Reaction for Concrete Confined with Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Sheet
Author(s):
Yail J. Kim, Yongcheng Ji, and Wei Li
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
117
Issue:
5
Appears on pages(s):
15-27
Keywords:
alkali-silica reaction (ASR); carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP); damage; rehabilitation; strengthening
DOI:
10.14359/51718077
Date:
9/1/2020
Abstract:
This paper presents a comparative experimental study on the axial behavior of concrete subjected to alkali-silica reaction (ASR) with and without confinement by carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. A total of 120 cylinders are cast using two types of coarse aggregates to represent variable levels of ASR: rhyolite (reactive) and substitutes granite (non-reactive) at a replacement ratio ranging from 0 to 100%. As per a test standard, the cylinders are conditioned in a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution. The physical properties of the concrete and the solution are measured over time to examine the reciprocal action between the NaOH and rhyolite, followed by microscopic observations on the progression of ASR through the concrete. Sixty cylinders are confined and all specimens are monotonically loaded to failure. The load-carrying capacity of the confined cylinders noticeably increases compared with that of the plain concrete, while the degree of improvement is controlled by the ASR-damaged concrete core. The average toughness of the cylinders decays with ASR, accompanied by irreversible energy dissipation and degraded CFRP-concrete interaction. The failure characteristics of both plain and confined cylinders are also influenced by ASR, dependent on the replacement ratio, particularly for the integrity of the core. An analytical model is
formulated to understand the implications of ASR, including an assessment of an existing design approach, and is further used for design recommendations.
Related References:
1. Lindgård, J.; Andic-Cakir, O.; Fernandes, I.; Ronning, T. F.; and Thomas, M. D. A., “Alkali-Silica Reactions (ASR): Literature Review on Parameters Influencing Laboratory Performance Testing,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 42, No. 2, 2012, pp. 223-243. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.10.004
2. Spencer, T. E., and Blaylock, A. J., “Alkali Silica Reaction in Marine Piles,” Concrete International, V. 19, No. 1, Jan. 1997, pp. 59-62.
3. Thomas, M. D. A.; Fournier, B.; Folliard, K. J.; and Resendez, Y. A., “Alkali-Silica Reactivity Field Identification Handbook,” Report No. FHWA-HIF-12-022, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, 2011.
4. ASTM C1260-14, “Standard Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Aggregates,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2014, 5 pp.
5. ASTM C1778-16, “Standard Guide for Reducing the Risk of Deleterious Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2016, 11 pp.
6. Sanchez, L.; Salva, P.; Fournier, B.; Jolin, M.; Pouliot, N.; and Hovington, A., “Evaluation of Damage in the Concrete Elements of the Viaduct Robert-Bourassa-Charest After Nearly 50 Years in Service,” 14th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reactions in Concrete, 2012, 10 pp.
7. ACI Committee 221, “State-of-the-Art Report on Alkali-Aggregate Reactivity (ACI 221.1R-98),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1998, 31 pp.
8. Thomas, M. D. A.; Folliard, K. J.; Fournier, B.; Rivard, P.; and Drimalas, T., “Methods for Evaluating and Treating ASR-Affected Structures: Results of Field Application and Demonstration Projects,” Report No. FHWA-HIF-14-0002, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, 2013.
9. Rajabipour, F.; Giannini, E.; Dunant, C.; Ideker, J. H.; and Thomas, M. D. A., “Alkali-silica Reaction: Current Understanding of the Reaction Mechanisms and the Knowledge Gaps,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 76, 2015, pp. 130-146. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.05.024
10. Khan, M. A., Bridge and Highway Structure Rehabilitation and Repair, McGraw Hill, New York, 2010.
11. Torii, K.; Sannoh, C.; Kubo, Y.; and Ohashi, Y., “Serious Damages of ASR Affected RC Bridge Piers and their Strengthening Techniques,” 12th International Conference on Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete, 2004, pp. 1283-1288.
12. Mohamed, I.; Ronel, S.; and Curtil, L., “Influence of Composite Materials Confinement on Alkali-Aggregate Mechanical Behaviour,” Materials and Structures, V. 39, No. 4, 2007, pp. 479-490. doi: 10.1007/s11527-005-9019-2
13. Kubat, T.; Al-Mahaidi, R.; and Shayan, A., “CFRP Confinement of Circular Concrete Columns Affected by Alkali-Aggregate Reaction,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 116, 2016, pp. 98-109. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.123
14. fib bulletin 14, “Externally Bonded FRP Reinforcement for RC Structures,” International Federation for Structural Concrete, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2001.
15. ACI Committee 440, “Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures (ACI 440.2R-17),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2017.
16. CSA, “Design and Construction of Building Structures with Fibre-Reinforced Polymers (S806-12(R2017)),” Canadian Standards Association, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2017.
17. ASTM C150/C150M-18, “Standard Specification for Portland Cement,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2018, 9 pp.
18. Ng, T. F., and Beng, Y. E., “Potential Alkali-Silica Reaction in Aggregate of Deformed Granite,” Geological Society of Malaysia, V. 53, 2007, pp. 81-88. doi: 10.7186/bgsm53200713
19. Sirivivatnanon, V.; Mohammadi, J.; and South, W., “Reliability of New Australian Test Methods in Predicting Alkali Silica Reaction of Field Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 126, 2016, pp. 868-874. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.055
20. ASTM C1293-08, “Standard Test Method for Determination of Length Change of Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2008, 7 pp.
21. ASTM C136/C136M-14, “Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2014, 5 pp.
22. Ferreira, T., and Rashband, W., “The ImageJ User Guide,” National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, 2012.
23. Meddah, M. S.; Zitouni, S.; and Belaabes, S., “Effect of Content and Particle Size Distribution of Coarse Aggregate on the Compressive Strength of Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 24, No. 4, 2010, pp. 505-512. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.10.009
24. Glasser, F. P., Chemistry of the Alkali-Aggregate Reaction, The Alkali Silica Reaction in Concrete, Blackie Publishing, Glasgow, UK, 1992.
25. Sjöberg, S., “Silica in Aqueous Environments,” Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, V. 196, 1996, pp. 51-57. doi: 10.1016/0022-3093(95)00562-5
26. Dyer, T., Concrete Durability, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2014.
27. Neville, A. M., Properties of Concrete, fourth edition, Prentice Hall, Essex, UK, 1995.
28. Giaccio, G.; Zerbino, R.; Ponce, J. M.; and Batic, O. R., “Mechanical Behavior of Concretes Damaged by Alkali-Silica Reaction,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 38, No. 7, 2008, pp. 993-1004. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.02.009
29. Mehta, P. K., and Monteiro, P. J. M., Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials, McGraw Hill, New York, 2014.
30. Saouma, V., and Perotti, L., “Constitutive Model for Alkali-Aggregate Reactions,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 103, No. 3, May-June 2006, pp. 194-202.
31. Ulm, F.-J.; Coussy, O.; Kefei, L.; and Larive, C., “Thermo-Chemo-Mechanics of ASR Expansion in Concrete Structures,” Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, V. 126, No. 3, 2000, pp. 233-242. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2000)126:3(233)
32. Lasdon, L. S.; Fox, R. L.; and Ratner, M. W., “Nonlinear Optimization Using the General Reduced Gradient Method,” Technical Report AD-774723, Office of Naval Research, U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA, 1973.
33. Marsh, M. L., and Stringer, S. J., “Performance-Based Seismic Bridge Design (NCHRP Synthesis 440),” Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2013.