Title:
Long-Term Durability of Concrete Made with Slag Cements under Marine Environment
Author(s):
Tarek Uddin Mohammed, Hidenori Hamada, and Toru Yamaji
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
116
Issue:
5
Appears on pages(s):
5-16
Keywords:
compressive strength; corrosion; durability; interfaces; microstructures; mineralogy; slag cement; seawater
DOI:
10.14359/51716995
Date:
9/1/2019
Abstract:
Durability of concrete in seawater is a key concern related to the development of sustainable infrastructures in the marine environment. For verification of durability performance of concrete made with slag cement in seawater, three different series of concrete specimens were investigated at the end of 10, 15, and 30 years of marine tidal exposure. Physical appearance, compressive strength, carbonation depth, concrete resistivity, chloride ingress, microstructures, mineralogy, corrosion of steel bars in concrete, and
interfaces of concrete were evaluated. Compared to ordinary portland cement (OPC), a tendency of more long-term strength gain is found for slag cement. The microstructure of concrete located at the outer region of the samples made with slag cement becomes denser after a long-term marine exposure, which prevents chloride from entering into concrete at a greater depth. Slag cement shows the best performance against chloride ingress and corrosion of steel bars in concrete.
Related References:
1. Mehta, P. K., “Greening of the Concrete Industry for Sustainable Development,” Concrete International, V. 24, No. 7, July 2002, pp. 23-28.
2. Andrew, R. M., “Global CO2 Emissions from Cement Production,” Earth System Science Data, V. 10, No. 1, 2018, pp. 195-217. doi: 10.5194/essd-10-195-2018
3. Thomas, M. D. A.; Scott, A.; Bremner, T.; Bilodeau, A.; and Day, D., “Performance of Slag Cement in Marine Environment,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 105, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2008, pp. 628-634.
4. Mohammed, T. U.; Yamaji, T.; and Hamada, H., “Microstructures and Interfaces in Concrete after 15 Years of Exposure in the Tidal Environment,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 99, No. 4, July-Aug. 2002, pp. 352-360.
5. Mohammed, T. U.; Yamaji, T.; and Hamada, H., “Chloride Diffusion, Microstructures and Mineralogy of Concrete after 15 Years of Exposure in the Tidal Environment,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 99, No. 3, May-June 2002, pp. 256-263.
6. Mohammed, T. U.; Fukute, T.; Yamaji, T.; and Hamada, H., “Long-term Durability of Concrete Made with Different Water Reducing Chemical Admixtures Under Marine Environment,” Concrete for Extreme Condition, K. R. Dhir, M. J. McCarthy, and M. D. Newlands, eds., Thomas Telford Publishing, London, UK, 2002, pp. 233-243.
7. Mohammed, T. U., and Hamada, H., “Durability of Concrete Made with Different Water Reducing Chemical Admixtures Under Marine Tidal Environment,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 100, No. 3, May-June 2003, pp. 194-202.
8. Mohammed, T. U.; Yamaji, T.; Toshiyuki, A.; and Hamada, H., “Marine Durability of 15-Year Old Concrete Specimens Made with Ordinary Portland, Slag and Fly Ash Cement,” Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, Proceedings of the Seventh CANMET/ACI International Conference, SP-199, V. M. Malhotra, ed., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2001, pp. 541-560.
9. Mohammed, T. U.; Yamaji, T.; Toshiyuki, A.; and Hamada, H., “Corrosion of Steel Bars in Cracked Concrete Made with Ordinary Portland, Slag and Fly Ash Cements,” Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, Proceedings of the Seventh CANMET/ACI International Conference, SP-199, V. M. Malhotra, ed., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2001, pp. 699-718.
10. Fontana, M. G., and Greene, N. D., Corrosion Engineering, second edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1983.
11. Otsuki, N.; Nagataki, S.; and Nakashita, K., “Evaluation of AgNO3 Solution Spray Method for Measurement of Chloride Penetration into Hardened Cementitious Materials,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 89, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 1992, pp. 587-592.
12. Nagataki, S.; Otsuki, N.; Hisada, M.; and Miyazato, S., “The Experimental Study on Corrosion Mechanism of Reinforced Concrete at Local Repair Part,” JSCE Proceedings, V. 32, No. 544, 1996, pp. 109-119.
13. Hansen, E. J., and Saouma, V. E., “Numerical Simulation of Reinforced Concrete Deterioration – Part I: Chloride Diffusion,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 96, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 1999, pp. 173-180.
14. Brown, R. D., “Mechanism of Corrosion of Steel in Concrete in Relation to Design, Inspection and Repair of Offshore and Coastal Structures,” Performance of Concrete in Marine Environment, SP-65, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1980, pp. 169-204.
15. Mohammed, T. U.; Hamada, H.; and Yamaji, T., “Durability of Concrete Made with Different Water Reducing Chemical Admixtures Under Marine Splash Environment,” Superplasticizers and Other Chemical Admixtures in Concrete, Proceedings of the Seventh CANMET/ACI International Conference, SP-217, V. M. Malhotra, ed., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2003, pp. 17-36.
16. Mohammed, T. U., and Hamada, H., “Relationship Between Free Chloride and Total Chloride Contents in Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 33, No. 9, 2003, pp. 1487-1490. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00065-6
17. Andrade, C., and Alonso, C., “On-Site Measurement of Corrosion Rate of Reinforcements,” Fifth CANMET/ACI International Conference on Durability of Concrete, Proceedings of a Special Technical Session on Near-Surface Testing for Strength and Durability of Concrete, P. A. M. Basheer, ed., 2000, pp. 171-183.
18. Mehta, P. K., Concrete in the Marine Environment, Elsevier Applied Science, 1991.
19. Otsuki, N.; Hisada, M.; Diola, N. B.; and Mohammed, T. U., “Experimental Study on Interfacial Transition Zones in Reinforced Concrete,” Journal of Materials, Concrete Structures, and Pavements, V. 1998, No. 592, May 1998, pp. 155-167.
20. Mohammed, T. U.; Otsuki, N.; and Hisada, M., “Corrosion of Steel Bars with Respect to Orientation in Concrete,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 96, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 1999, pp. 154-159.
21. Mohammed, T. U.; Otsuki, N.; Hamada, H.; and Toru, Y., “Chloride-Induced Corrosion of Steel Bars in Concrete with the Presence of Gap at the Steel-concrete Interface,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 99, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 2002, pp. 149-156.