Title:
Impact Resistance of Reinforced Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Beams with Different Steel Fibers
Author(s):
Doo-Yeol Yoo, Nemkumar Banthia, and Young-Soo Yoon
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
114
Issue:
1
Appears on pages(s):
113-124
Keywords:
beam; flexure; impact; residual capacity; steel fiber; ultrahigh- performance concrete (UHPC)
DOI:
10.14359/51689430
Date:
1/1/2017
Abstract:
Ten large reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) beams were fabricated and tested under drop-weight impacts. The test parameters included the potential energy, fiber volume content, and steel fiber type and length. The important parameters obtained from an experimental program were summarized to provide a fundamental data set belonging to a research area that is limited within the literature. The test results showed that the addition of 2% (by volume) steel fibers was effective in decreasing the maximum and residual deflections by impact, improving residual capacities after impact damage, redistributing the tensile stress associated with microcracking, and preventing local failure at the contact surface. The use of long smooth steel fibers also resulted in the improvement of both the impact and residual capacities—that is, a decrease in the maximum and residual deflections by impact and an increase in the residual moment capacity and deflection capacity at the ultimate state. In contrast, the fiber content and type had negligible influences on the ratios of the moment capacities under impact and quasi-static loadings. Finally, a step-by-step procedure to assess the residual capacities after impact damage was proposed based on the quasi-static flexural response and the maximum deflection by impact.
Related References:
1. TM5-1300, “Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explosions,” U.S. Departments of the Army and Navy and the Air Force, Washington, DC, 1990.
2. Yoo, D. Y.; Banthia, N.; Kim, S. W.; and Yoon, Y. S., “Response of Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams with Continuous Steel Reinforcement Subjected to Low-Velocity Impact Loading,” Composite Structures, V. 126, 2015, pp. 233-245. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.02.058
3. Kishi, N., and Mikami, H., “Empirical Formulas for Designing Reinforced Concrete Beams under Impact Loading,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 109, No. 4, July-Aug. 2012, pp. 509-520.
4. Soleimani, S. M., and Banthia, N., “A Novel Drop Weight Impact Setup for Testing Reinforced Concrete Beams,” Experimental Techniques, V. 38, No. 3, 2014, pp. 72-79. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-1567.2012.00810.x
5. Saatci, S., “Behaviour and Modelling of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Impact Loading,” PhD thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2007, 288 pp.
6. Fujikake, K.; Senga, T.; Ueda, N.; Ohno, T.; and Katagiri, M., “Study on Impact Response of Reactive Powder Concrete Beam and Its Analytical Model,” Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, V. 4, No. 1, 2006, pp. 99-108. doi: 10.3151/jact.4.99
7. Hrynyk, T. D., and Vecchio, F. J., “Behavior of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Slabs under Impact Load,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 111, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2014, pp. 1213-1224. doi: 10.14359/51686923
8. Aoude, H.; Dagenais, F. P.; Burrell, R. P.; and Saatcioglu, M., “Behavior of Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete Columns under Blast Loading,” International Journal of Impact Engineering, V. 80, 2015, pp. 185-202. doi: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2015.02.006
9. Bentur, A.; Mindess, S.; and Banthia, N., “The Behaviour of Concrete under Impact Loading: Experimental Procedures and Method of Analysis,” Materials and Structures, V. 19, No. 5, 1986, pp. 371-378. doi: 10.1007/BF02472127
10. Wille, K.; Xu, M.; El-Tawil, S.; and Naaman, A. E., “Dynamic Impact Factors of Strain Hardening UHP-FRC under Direct Tensile Loading at Low Strain Rates,” Materials and Structures, V. 49, 2015, doi: 10.1617/s11527-015-0581-y
11. Bindiganavile, V.; Banthia, N.; and Aarup, B., “Impact Response of Ultra-High-Strength Fiber-Reinforced Cement Composite,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 99, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2002, pp. 543-548.
12. Wille, K.; El-Tawil, S.; and Naaman, A. E., “Strain Rate Dependent Tensile Behavior of Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete,” High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites 6, Springer, Ann Arbor, MI, 2012, pp. 381-387.
13. Rong, Z.; Sun, W.; and Zhang, Y., “Dynamic Compression Behavior of Ultra-High Performance Cement Based Composites,” International Journal of Impact Engineering, V. 37, No. 5, 2010, pp. 515-520. doi: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2009.11.005
14. Yoo, D. Y., “Performance Enhancement of Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and Model Development for Practical Utilization,” PhD thesis, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea, 2014, 586 pp.
15. Wille, K.; Kim, D. J.; and Naaman, A. E., “Strain-Hardening UHP-FRC with Low Fiber Contents,” Materials and Structures, V. 44, No. 3, 2011, pp. 583-598. doi: 10.1617/s11527-010-9650-4
16. Yoo, D. Y.; Kang, S. T.; and Yoon, Y. S., “Effect of Fiber Length and Placement Method on Flexural Behavior, Tension-Softening Curve, and Fiber Distribution Characteristics of UHPFRC,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 64, 2014, pp. 67-81. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.007
17. Tran, N. T.; Tran, T. K.; and Kim, D. J., “High Rate Response of Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concretes under Direct Tension,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 69, 2015, pp. 72-87. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.12.008
18. Yoo, D. Y.; Shin, H. O.; Lee, J. Y.; and Yoon, Y. S., “Enhancing Cracking Resistance of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Slabs Using Steel Fibers,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 67, No. 10, 2015, pp. 487-495. doi: 10.1680/macr.14.00116
19. Koh, K.; Ryu, G.; Kang, S.; Park, J.; and Kim, S., “Shrinkage Properties of Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC),” Advanced Science Letters, V. 4, No. 3, 2011, pp. 948-952. doi: 10.1166/asl.2011.1505
20. AFGC–SETRA, “Ultra High Performance Fibre-Reinforced Concretes,” Interim Recommendations, SETRA, Bagneux, France, 2002, 152 pp.
21. JSCE, “Recommendations for Design and Construction of Ultra-High Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete Structures (Draft),” Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Tokyo, Japan, 2004.
22. Yoo, D. Y., and Yoon, Y. S., “Structural Performance of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Beams with Different Steel Fibers,” Engineering Structures, V. 102, 2015, pp. 409-423. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.08.029
23. ASTM C1437, “Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015, 2 pp.
24. ASTM C39/C39M-15a, “Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015, 9 pp.
25. JCI-S-002-2003, “Method of Test for Load-Displacement Curve of Fiber Reinforced Concrete by Use of Notched Beam,” JCI Standard, Japan, 2003.
26. Yang, I. H.; Joh, C.; and Kim, B. S., “Structural Behavior of Ultra High Performance Concrete Beams Subjected to Bending,” Engineering Structures, V. 32, No. 11, 2010, pp. 3478-3487. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.07.017
27. Yoo, D. Y.; Shin, H. O.; Yang, J. M.; and Yoon, Y. S., “Material and Bond Properties of Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Micro Steel Fibers,” Composites. Part B, Engineering, V. 58, 2014, pp. 122-133. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.10.081
28. Yoo, D. Y.; Kang, S. T.; Lee, J. H.; and Yoon, Y. S., “Effect of Shrinkage Reducing Admixture on Tensile and Flexural Behaviors of UHPFRC Considering Fiber Distribution Characteristics,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 54, 2013, pp. 180-190. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.09.006
29. Gere, J. M., Mechanics of Materials, sixth edition, Brooks/Cole, Belmont, 2003.
30. Mindess, S.; Banthia, N.; Ritter, A.; and Skalny, J., “Crack Development in Cementitious Materials under Impact Loading,” Proceedings of the Materials Research Society Symposium, V. 64, Boston, MA, 1985, pp. 217-224.
31. Adhikary, S. D.; Li, B.; and Fujikake, K., “Effects of High Loading Rate on Reinforced Concrete Beams,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 111, No. 3, May-June 2014, pp. 651-660.
32. Carpinteri, A.; Corrado, M.; Mancini, G.; and Paggi, M., “Size-Scale Effects on Plastic Rotational Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Beams,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 106, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2009, pp. 887-896.