Title:
Controlled Low-Strength Materials Composed Solely of By-Products
Author(s):
Ceki Halmen and Harsh Shah
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
112
Issue:
2
Appears on pages(s):
239-246
Keywords:
compressive strength; controlled low-strength material (CLSM); flow; freezing-and-thawing resistance; gypsum; quarry fines; synthetic setting time
DOI:
10.14359/51686987
Date:
3/1/2015
Abstract:
A series of low-cost controlled low-strength materials (CLSMs)mixtures were produced without cement, using only by-products, including Class C fly ash, large quantities of limestone quarry fines, and synthetic gypsum. Flow, setting time, compressive strength, elastic modulus, and freezing-and-thawing resistance of mixtures were evaluated. Results indicated that CLSM mixtures solely comprised of by-products can be designed to provide a wide range of flow, setting time, and strength values. Obtained flow values varied between 200 and 600 mm (8 and 24 in.), setting time varied between a couple of hours and a day, and strength values varied between 237.4 and 9932 kPa (34.4 and 1440.5 psi). The maximum measured mass loss after 12 freezing-and-thawing cycles was 8%. Results showed that the addition of synthetic gypsum significantly improved strength and freezing-and-thawing resistance of mixtures.
Related References:
1. ACI Committee 229, “Controlled Low Strength Materials (CLSM) (ACI 229R-94),” Concrete International, V. 16, No. 7, July 1994, pp. 55-64.
2. Brewer, W., and Hurd, J., “Economic Considerations When Using Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM-CDF) as Backfill,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, V. 1315, 1991, pp. 28-37.
3. Puppala, A. J.; Saride, S.; Sirigiripet, S. K.; Williammee, R.; and Dronamraju, V. S., “Evaluation of Cemented Quarry Fines as a Pavement Base Material,” GeoCongress 2008: Geotechnics of Waste Management and Remediation, M. V. Khire, A. N. Alshawabkeh, and K. R. Reddy, eds., GeoCongress 2008, New Orleans, LA, Mar. 9-12, 2008, pp. 312-319.
4. Manning, D., and Vetterlein, J., Exploitation and Use of Quarry Fines, Mineral Solutions, Ltd., Manchester, UK, 2004, 55 pp.
5. Hudson, W. R.; Little, D. N.; Razmi, A. M.; Anderson, V.; and Weissmann, A., An Investigation of the Status of By-Products Fines in the USA, Center for Aggregates, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TX, 1997, 184 pp.
6. Kumar, D. S., and Hudson, W. R., “Use of Quarry Fines for Engineering and Environmental Applications: Special Report for the National Stone Association,” Center for Transportation Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 1992, 139 pp.
7. Crouch, L. K.; Gamble, R.; Brogdon, J. F.; and Tucker, C. J., “Use of High-Fines Limestone Screenings as Aggregate for Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM),” ASTM STP 1275, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 1998, pp. 45-59.
8. Katz, A., and Kovler, K., “Utilization of Industrial By-Products for the Production of Controlled Low Strength Materials (CLSM),” Waste Management, V. 24, No. 5, 2004, pp. 501-512.
9. Naganathan, S.; Razak, H. A.; and Hamid, S. N. A., “Properties of Controlled Low-Strength Material Made Using Industrial Waste Incineration Bottom Ash and Quarry Dust,” Materials & Design, V. 33, 2012, pp. 56-63.
10. Whitfield, C. J., “The Production, Disposal, and Beneficial Use of Coal Combustion Products in Florida,” master’s thesis, Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 2003, 176 pp.
11. Hoopes, R. J., “Engineering Properties of Air-Modified Controlled Low-Strength Material,” ASTM Special Technical Publication, V. 1331, 1998, pp. 87-101.
12. Folliard, K. J.; Du, L.; Trejo, D.; Halmen, C.; Sabol, S.; and Leshinsky, D., “Development of a Recommended Practice for Use of Controlled Low Strength Material in Highway Construction,” NCHRP Report 597, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2008, 151 pp.
13. Gress, D., “The Effect of Freeze-Thaw and Frost Heaving on Flowable Fill,” Report No. UNH Civil Eng #1096-1, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, 1996, 106 pp.
14. ASTM C618-08, “Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2008, 5 pp.
15. AASHTO M 295-11, “Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete,” American Association of State and Highway Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, 2011, 5 pp.
16. ASTM C305-12, “Standard Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012, 3 pp.
17. ASTM D6103-04, “Standard Test Method for Flow Consistency of Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM),” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2004, 3 pp.
18. ASTM C807-13, “Standard Test Method for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement Mortar by Modified Vicat Needle,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2013, 3 pp.
19. Brewer and Associates, “Factors Governing The Removability of Controlled Low Strength Material—Controlled Density Fill (CLSM-CDF),” Cincinnati Gas And Electric Company, Cincinnati, OH, 1991, 13 pp.
20. Meade, B. W.; Hunsucker, D. Q.; and Stone, M. D., “Use of Flowable Fill (CLSM) for Trench Backfill,” Kentucky Transportation Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 1994, 59 pp.
21. ASTM D560-03, “Standard Test Methods for Freezing and Thawing Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2003, 7 pp.
22. Puppala, A.; Saride, S.; and Williammee, R., “Sustainable Reuse of Limestone Quarry Fines and RAP in Pavement Base/Subbase Layers,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 24, No. 4, 2012, pp. 418-429.
23. EM 110-1-1904, “Engineering Manual for Settlement Analysis,” U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC, 2012, 127 pp.
24. EM 110-3-137, “Soil Stabilization for Pavements Mobilization Construction,” U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC, 1984, 32 pp.