Title:
Flexural Behavior of Concrete Bridge Girders Prestressed with Stainless Steel Strands
Author(s):
Anwer Al-Kaimakchi and Michelle Rambo-Roddenberry
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
118
Issue:
4
Appears on pages(s):
137-152
Keywords:
corrosion-resistant strands; flexural behavior; full-scale girders; prestressed concrete; stainless steel strands
DOI:
10.14359/51730541
Date:
7/1/2021
Abstract:
Corrosion-resistant stainless steel strands are an alternative to carbon steel strands in prestressed concrete structures, particularly in extremely aggressive environments. The benefits of using stainless steel strands include prolonged service life and fewer inspections of the structure. The flexural behavior of stainless steel prestressed concrete girders was experimentally studied. Seven full-scale 42 ft (12.8 m) long AASHTO Type II girders were designed, cast, and tested in flexure. Two of the seven girders had carbon steel strands and served as control girders. Experimental results showed that the overall flexural behavior of the girders prestressed with stainless steel strands is different than those prestressed with carbon steel strands. The capacity of all stainless steel girders increased up to failure, which reflects the stress-strain shape of the stainless steel strands. When the girders had the same initial prestressing force, the ultimate capacity of the stainless steel non-composite and composite girders was approximately 11.7% and 23.7% higher than that of the control girders, respectively. Experimental results revealed that regardless of failure mode, the girders prestressed with stainless steel strands can achieve ultimate capacity and deformability as high as those prestressed with carbon steel strands. Although the composite stainless steel girders failed due to rupturing of strands, they failed at a noticeable deflection with many flexural cracks in the midspan. Rupture of strands failure mode is particularly important because it demonstrates the importance of the ultimate strand strain in design. The guaranteed ultimate strain of stainless steel strands is 1.4%. Stainless steel prestressed concrete I-girders are recommended to be designed to fail by rupturing the strands. The analytical load-deflection curves showed good agreement with experimental ones. A simple numerical design procedure was developed to predict the nominal flexural resistance of stainless steel pretensioned girders designed to fail by rupture of strands.
Related References:
AASHTO, 2017, “AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications,” American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.
Al-Kaimakchi, A., and Rambo-Roddenberry, M., 2021, “Measured Transfer Length of 15.2-mm (0.6-in.) Duplex High Strength Stainless Steel Strands in Pretensioned Girders,” Engineering Structures, V. 237, June, p. 112178. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112178
ACI Committee 318, 2019, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19) and Commentary (ACI 318R-19),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 624 pp.
ASTM A1114/A1114M-20, 2020, “Standard Specification for Low-Relaxation, Seven-Wire, Grade 240 [1655], Stainless Steel Strand for Prestressed Concrete,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM A416/A416M-17, 2017, “Standard Specification for Steel Strand, Uncoated Seven-Wire for Prestressed Concrete,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
Belarbi, A., and Hsu, T. T., 1994, “Constitutive Laws of Concrete in Tension and Reinforcing Bars Stiffened by Concrete,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 91, No. 4, July-Aug., pp. 465-474.
Chehab, A. I.; Eamon, C. D.; Parra-Montesinos, G. J.; and Dam, T. X., 2018, “Shear Testing and Modeling of AASHTO Type II Prestressed Concrete Bridge Girders,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 115, No. 3, May, pp. 801-811.
Collins, M. P., and Mitchell, D., 1991, Prestressed Concrete Structures, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Devalapura, R. K., and Tadros, M. K., 1992, “Stress-Strain Modeling of 270 ksi Low-Relaxation Prestressing Strands,” PCI Journal, V. 37, No. 2, Mar-Apr., pp. 100-106. doi: 10.15554/pcij.03011992.100.106
FDOT, 2020, “Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction,” Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL.
FHWA, 2020, “National Bridge Inventory,” Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/nbi/ascii.cfm. (last accessed May 20, 2021)
Graybeal, B. A., 2008, “Flexural Behavior of an Ultrahigh-Performance Concrete I-Girder,” Journal of Bridge Engineering, ASCE, V. 13, No. 6, pp. 602-610. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2008)13:6(602)
Morcous, G.; Hatami, A.; Maguire, M.; Hanna, K. E.; and Tadros, M. K., 2012, “Mechanical and Bond Properties of 18-mm-(0.7-in.-) Diameter Prestressing Strands,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 24, No. 6, pp. 735-744. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000424
Moser, R. D.; Kahn, L. F.; Singh, P. M.; and Kurtis, K. E., 2013, “Preliminary Studies of High-Strength Stainless Prestressing Steels,” Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete—Future Direction: Proceedings - Hope & Schupack Corrosion Symposium, SP-291, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, pp. 1-10.
Moser, R. D.; Singh, P. M.; Kahn, L. F.; and Kurtis, K. E., 2012, “Chloride-Induced Corrosion Resistance of High-Strength Stainless Steels in Simulated Alkaline and Carbonated Concrete Pore Solutions,” Corrosion Science, V. 57, pp. 241-253. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2011.12.012
Mullins, G.; Sen, R.; and Sagüés, A., 2014, “Design and Construction of Precast Piles with Stainless Reinforcing Steel,” Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL.
NCHRP Report 907, 2019, “Design of Concrete Bridge Beams Prestressed with CFRP Systems,” Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Park, H., and Cho, J.-Y., 2017, “Ductility Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Members with High-Strength Strands and Code Implications,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 114, No. 2, Mar.-Apr., pp. 407-416. doi: 10.14359/51689435
Paul, A.; Gleich, L. B.; and Kahn, L. F., 2017a, “Structural Performance of Prestressed Concrete Bridge Piles Using Duplex Stainless Steel Strands,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 143, No. 7, p. 04017042. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001770
Paul, A.; Gleich, L. B.; and Kahn, L. F., 2017b, “Transfer and Development Length of High-Strength Duplex Stainless Steel Strand in Prestressed Concrete Piles,” PCI Journal, V. 62, No. 3, pp. 59-71. doi: 10.15554/pcij62.3-01
PCI, 2010, “PCI Design Handbook: Precast and Prestressed Concrete,” Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, Chicago, IL.
Schuetz, D. P., 2013, “Investigation of High Strength Stainless Steel Prestressing Strands,” MSc thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA