Title:
Use of Unprocessed Wood Ash as Partial Replacement of Sand in Concrete
Author(s):
Rafat Siddique, Malkit Singh, and Arpit Kumar Singhal
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
116
Issue:
6
Appears on pages(s):
77-86
Keywords:
compressive strength; splitting tensile strength; wood ash
DOI:
10.14359/51718052
Date:
11/1/2019
Abstract:
The use of unprocessed low-calcium wood ash as partial substitution of natural sand in manufacturing of concrete has been explored in the present study. X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectrum indicates the presence of amorphous as well as crystalline silica in unprocessed wood ash. The total composition of silica, alumina, and ferric of 92.93% qualifies the unprocessed wood ash to be used as pozzolanic material. Experimental tests were performed in laboratory for workability, strength, and durability properties of concrete incorporating 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% wood ash as substitution of natural sand. It was observed that at a fixed water-cement ratio (w/c), the slump of concrete decreased on inclusion of unprocessed wood ash as partial substitution of natural sand. The compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of concrete mixtures made with unprocessed wood ash were lower than control concrete. The wood ash concrete mixtures, except the concrete mixture containing 5% unprocessed wood ash, displayed higher water absorption, sorptivity, and chloride-ion penetrability compared to control concrete. XRD analysis of powdered concrete specimens indicated no qualitative change in phase formation on incorporation of unprocessed wood ash.
Related References:
1. UNEP-2010, “Green Cement Production has a Big Role to Play in Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions,” United Nations Environment Program, Nairobi, Kenya, Nov. 2010.
2. Allahverdi, A., and Mahinroosta, M., “Mechanical Activation of Chemically Activated High Phosphorous Slag Content Cement,” Powder Technology, V. 245, 2013, pp. 182-188. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2013.04.037
3. Allahverdi, A.; Akhondi, M.; and Mahinroosta, M., “Superior Sodium Sulfate Resistance of a Chemically Activated Phosphorus Slag-Based Composite Cement,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 29, No. 3, 2017, p. 04016231. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001762
4. U.S. Department of Energy, “U.S. Billion-Ton Update: Biomass Supply for a Bioenergy and Bio-products Industry,” ORNL/TM-2011/224, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 227 pp., https://www1.eere.energy.gov/bioenergy/pdfs/billion_ton_update.pdf. (last accessed Sept. 19, 2019)
5. Clarke, S., and Preto, F., “Biomass Burn Characteristics,” Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Guelph, ON, Canada, http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/11-033.htm. (last accessed Sept. 19, 2019)
6. Cheah, C. B., and Ramli, M., “The Implementation of Wood Waste Ash as a Partial Cement Replacement Material in the Production of Structural Grade Concrete and Mortar: An Overview,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, V. 55, No. 7, 2011, pp. 669-685. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.02.002
7. Naik, T. R.; Kraus, R. N.; and Siddique, R., “Demonstration of Manufacturing Technology for Concrete and CLSM Containing Mixture of Coal Ash and a New Pozzolanic Material,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 100, No. 3, May-June 2003, pp. 208-215.
8. Udoeyo, F. F.; Inyang, H.; Young, D. T.; and Oparadu, E. E., “Potential of Wood Waste Ash as an Additive in Concrete,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, V. 18, No. 4, 2006, pp. 605-611. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2006)18:4(605)
9. Chowdhury, S.; Mishra, M.; and Suganya, O., “The Incorporation of Wood Waste Ash as a Partial Cement Substitution Material for Making Structural Grade Concrete: An Overview,” Journal of Advanced Research, V. 6, 2015, pp. 426-437.
10. Rajamma, R.; Ball, R. J.; Tarelho, L. A. C.; Allen, G. C.; Labrincha, J. A.; and Ferreira, V. M., “Characterisation and Use of Biomass Fly Ash in Cement-Based Materials,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, V. 172, No. 2-3, 2009, pp. 1049-1060. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.109
11. Elinwa, A. U., and Ejeh, S. P., “Effects of the Incorporation of Sawdust Waste Incineration Fly Ash in Cement Pastes and Mortars,” Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, V. 3, No. 1, 2004, pp. 1-7. doi: 10.3130/jaabe.3.1
12. Cheah, C. B., and Ramli, M., “Mechanical Strength, Durability and Drying Shrinkage of Structural Mortar Containing HCWA as Partial Replacement of Cement,” Construction & Building Materials, V. 30, 2012, pp. 320-329. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.12.009
13. Ramos, T.; Matos, A. M.; and Sousa-Coutinho, J., “Mortar with Wood Waste Ash: Mechanical Strength Carbonation Resistance and ASR Expansion,” Construction & Building Materials, V. 49, 2013, pp. 343-351. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.08.026
14. BIS 8112, “Specifications for 43 Grade Ordinary Portland Cement,” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, 1989, 10 pp.
15. BIS 4031-Part 1, “Methods of Physical Tests for Hydraulic Cement: Part 1; Determination of Fineness by Dry Sieving,” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, 1996.
16. BIS 4031-Part 3, “Methods of Physical Tests for Hydraulic Cement: Part 3; Determination of Soundness,” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, 1988.
17. BIS 4031-Part 4, “Methods of Physical Tests for Hydraulic Cement: Part 4; Determination of Consistency of Standard Cement Paste,” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India,1988.
18. BIS 4031-Part 5, “Methods of Physical Tests for Hydraulic Cement: Part 5; Determination of Initial and Final Setting Time,” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, 1988.
19. BIS 4031-Part 6, “Methods of Physical Tests for Hydraulic Cement: Part 6; Determination of Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement (Other Than Masonry Cement),” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, 1988.
20. BIS 4031-Part 11, “Methods of Physical Tests for Hydraulic Cement: Part 11; Determination of Density,” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, 1988.
21. BIS 2386-Part 1, “Methods for Test for Aggregate: Part 1: Particle Size and Shape,” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, 1988.
22. BIS 2386-Part 3, “Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete—Specific Gravity, Density, Voids, Absorption & Bulking,” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, 1963, 17 pp.
23. BIS 10262, “Concrete Mix Proportioning—Guidelines,” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, 2009.
24. BIS 1199, “Methods of Sampling and Analysis of Concrete,” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, 1959, 44 pp.
25. BIS 516, “Methods of Tests for Strength of Concrete,” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, 1959, 24 pp.
26. BIS 5816:1999, “Method of Test Splitting Tensile Strength of Concrete,” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, 1999, 8 pp.
27. ASTM C642-13, “Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2013, 3 pp.
28. ASTM C1585-04, “Standard Test Method for Measurement of Rate of Absorption of Water by Hydraulic-Cement Concretes,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2004, 6 pp.
29. ASTM C1202-10, “Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010, 7 pp.
30. Garcia, M. D. L., and Sousa-Coutinho, J., “Strength and Durability of Cement with Forest Waste Bottom Ash,” Construction & Building Materials, V. 41, 2013, pp. 897-910. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.081
31. Wang, S.; Baxter, L.; and Fonseca, F., “Biomass Fly Ash in Concrete: SEM, EDX and ESEM Analysis,” Fuel, V. 87, No. 3, 2008, pp. 372-379. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2007.05.024
32. ASTM C618-17, “Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2017, 5 pp.
33. Udoeyo, F. F., and Dashibil, P. U., “Sawdust Ash as Concrete Material,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 14, No. 2, 2002, pp. 173-176. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2002)14:2(173)
34. CEB FIP Model Code, 2010, Volume 1, International Federation for Structural Concrete, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2012, 310 pp
35. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary (ACI 318R-14),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2014, 520 pp.
36. Wang, S.; Llamazos, E.; Baxter, L.; and Fonseca, F., “Durability of Biomass Fly Ash Concrete: Freezing and Thawing and Rapid Chloride Permeability Tests,” Fuel, V. 87, No. 3, 2008, pp. 359-364. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2007.05.02