Title:
Experimental Testing of Nonductile Reinforced Concrete Wall Boundary Elements
Author(s):
Scott J. Menegon, John L. Wilson, Nelson T. K. Lam, and Emad F. Gad
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
116
Issue:
6
Appears on pages(s):
213-225
Keywords:
nonductile walls; reinforced concrete wall prism testing; reinforced concrete walls
DOI:
10.14359/51718008
Date:
11/1/2019
Abstract:
This paper presents an overview and results of a recent experimental testing program of nonductile reinforced concrete (RC) wall boundary elements. The experimental program consisted of 17 boundary element prism specimens that are meant to represent the end regions of nonductile RC walls. The failure mechanisms of interest were global out‐of‐plane buckling and local bar buckling of the vertical reinforcement. The matrix of test specimens included: high and low slenderness ratios (that is, height-to-thickness ratio); cast-in‐place and precast wall construction methods; and specimens that were detailed with either a single central layer of vertical reinforcement or two layers of vertical reinforcement, one per face. Strain-rate affects were also assessed in the experimental program. The paper concludes with a detailed discussion of the test results, comparisons with similar experimental programs and design models in literature, and guidance on tensile strain limits for the displacement-based design of nonductile RC walls.
Related References:
1. Wallace, J. W., “Performance of Structural Walls in Recent Earthquakes and Tests and Implications for US Building Codes,” Proceedings of the 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal, 2012.
2. Elwood, K. J. “Performance of Concrete Buildings in the 22 February 2011 Christchurch Earthquake and Implications for Canadian Codes,” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, V. 40, No. 8, 2013, pp. 759-776. doi: 10.1139/cjce-2011-0564
3. Sritharan, S.; Beyer, K.; Henry, R. S.; Chai, Y. H.; Kowalsky, M.; and Bull, D., “Understanding Poor Seismic Performance of Concrete Walls and Design Implications,” Earthquake Spectra, V. 30, No. 1, 2014, pp. 307-334. doi: 10.1193/021713EQS036M
4. Dashti, F.; Dhakal, R. P.; and Pampanin, S. “Tests on Slender Ductile Structural Walls Designed According to New Zealand Standard,” Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, V. 50, No. 4, 2017, pp. 504-516. doi: 10.5459/bnzsee.50.4.504-516
5. Dashti, F.; Dhakal, R. P.; and Pampanin, S. “Numerical Modeling of Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Structural Walls,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 143, No. 6, 2017, p. 04017031 doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001729
6. Rosso, A.; Almeida, J. P.; and Beyer, K. “Stability of Thin Reinforced Concrete Walls under Cyclic Loads: State-of-the-Art and New Experimental Findings,” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, V. 14, No. 2, 2016, pp. 455-484. doi: 10.1007/s10518-015-9827-x
7. Paulay, T., and Priestley, M. J. N. “Stability of Ductile Structural Walls,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 90, No. 4, July-Aug. 1993, pp. 385-392.
8. Segura, C. L., and Wallace, J. W. “Seismic Performance Limitations and Detailing of Slender Reinforced Concrete Walls,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 115, No. 3, May 2018, pp. 849-859. doi: 10.14359/51701918
9. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary (ACI 318R-14),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2014, 519 pp.
10. NZS 3101: Part 1:2006, “Concrete Structures Standard Part 1— The Design of Concrete Structures,” Standards New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, 2006.
11. Standards Australia, “AS 3600-2009 Concrete Structures,” SAI Global Limited, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2009.
12. Menegon, S. J.; Wilson, J. L.; Lam, N. T. K.; and Gad, E. F. “RC Walls in Australia: Reconnaissance Survey of Industry and Literature Review of Experimental Testing,” Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, V. 18, No. 1, 2017, pp. 24-40. doi: 10.1080/13287982.2017.1315207
13. Patel, V. J.; Van, B. C.; Henry, R. S.; and Clifton, G. C. “Effect of Reinforcing Steel Bond on the Cracking Behaviour of Lightly Reinforced Concrete Members,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 96, 2015, pp. 238-247. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.014
14. Segura, C. I.; Wallace, J. W.; Arteta, C. A.; and Moehle, J. P., “Deformation Capacity of Thin Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls,” Proceedings of the 2016 New Zealand Society of Earthquake Engineering Technical Conference, Christchurch, New Zealand, 2016.
15. Taleb, R.; Tani, M.; and Kono, S. “Performance of Confined Boundary Regions of RC Walls Under Cyclic Reversal Loadings,” Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, V. 14, No. 4, 2016, pp. 108-124. doi: 10.3151/jact.14.108
16. Welt, T. S.; Massone, L. M.; Lafave, J. M.; Lehman, D. E.; Mccabe, S. L.; and Polanco, P. “Confinement Behavior of Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Prisms Simulating Wall Boundary Elements,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 143, No. 4, 2017, p. 04016204 doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001682
17. Hilson, C. W., “Analytical and Experimental Studies of the Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Structural Wall Boundary Elements,” PhD thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 2014.
18. Rosso, A.; Jiménez-Roa, L. A.; de Almeida, J. P.; Zuniga, A. P. G.; Blandón, C. A.; Bonett, R. L.; and Beyer, K. “Cyclic Tensile-Compressive Tests on Thin Concrete Boundary Elements with a Single Layer of Reinforcement Prone to Out-of-Plane Instability,” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, V. 16, No. 2, 2018, pp. 859-887. doi: 10.1007/s10518-017-0228-1
19. AS/NZS 4671:2001, “Steel Reinforcing Materials,” Standards Australia International, Sydney, Australia, and Standards New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, 2001.
20. Menegon, S. J., “Displacement Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Walls in Regions of Lower Seismicity,” doctor of philosophy thesis, Department of Civil and Construction Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia, 2018.
21. Seifi, P.; Henry, R. S.; and Ingham, J. M. “Panel Connection Details in Existing New Zealand Precast Concrete Buildings,” Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, V. 49, No. 2, 2016, pp. 190-199. doi: 10.5459/bnzsee.49.2.190-199
22. Scott, B. D.; Park, R.; and Priestley, M. J. N. “Stress-Strain Behavior of Concrete Confined by Overalapping Hoops at Low and High Strain Rates,” ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 79, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 1982, pp. 13-27.
23. Paulay, T., and Priestley, M., Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings, Wiley, New York, 1992.
24. Lu, Y.; Henry, R. S.; Gultom, R.; and Ma, Q. T. “Cyclic Testing of Reinforced Concrete Walls with Distributed Minimum Vertical Reinforcement,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 143, No. 5, 2017, p. 04016225 doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001723
25. Lu, Y., and Henry, R. S. “Numerical Modelling of Reinforced Concrete Walls with Minimum Vertical Reinforcement,” Engineering Structures, V. 143, 2017, pp. 330-345. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.02.043
26. Hoult, R.; Goldsworthy, H.; and Lumantarna, E. “Plastic Hinge Length for Lightly Reinforced Rectangular Concrete Walls,” Journal of Earthquake Engineering, V. 22, No. 8, 2018, pp. 1447-1478. doi: 10.1080/13632469.2017.1286619
27. Menegon, S. J.; Wilson, J. L.; Lam, N. T. K.; and Gad, E. F., “Comprehensive Experimental Testing Program of Limited Ductile Reinforced Concrete Walls,” Proceedings of the Australian Earthquake Engineering Society 2017 Conference, Canberra, Australia, 2017.
28. Menegon, S. J.; Wilson, J. L.; Lam, N. T. K.; and Mcbean, P. “RC Walls in Australia: Seismic Design and Detailing to AS 1170.4 and AS 3600,” Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, V. 19, No. 1, 2018, pp. 67-84. doi: 10.1080/13287982.2017.1410309
29. Chai, Y. H., and Elayer, D. T. “Lateral Stability of Reinforced Concrete Columns under Axial Reversed Cyclic Tension and Compression,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 96, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1999, pp. 780-789.