Title:
Seismic Upgrade of Corroded Confined Reinforced Concrete Columns Using Composite Materials
Author(s):
Aditya Singh Rajput and Umesh Kumar Sharma
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
116
Issue:
5
Appears on pages(s):
37-48
Keywords:
columns; composite materials; confinement; corrosion; retrofitting; seismic performance
DOI:
10.14359/51716825
Date:
9/1/2019
Abstract:
Increasing cases of reinforcement corrosion in reinforced concrete (RC) elements raise serious concerns for achieving desired strength and ductility despite following the relevant seismic guidelines. The present study is an experimental attempt to evaluate the seismic behavior of corroded RC columns and thereby to examine the effectiveness of advanced composite materials in restoring the seismic behavior of such corroded columns. To this end, seven full-scale RC columns were cast and tested. Six column specimens were corroded using a precalibrated, accelerated corrosion regime, while one specimen acted as a control uncorroded column. Columns were corroded at two nominal degrees of corrosion: 10% and 20%. These corroded columns were then tested for evaluating their seismic behavior, while companion columns with the same degree of corrosion were retrofitted. Retrofitting was aimed at restoring the ductility and strength of corroded columns as well as to achieve increased durability against future corrosion. Advanced composite materials such as ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) and glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) were employed for retrofitting of columns. The results show an alarming reduction in seismic performance of columns due to corrosion of reinforcement. Corroded specimens when retrofitted with only UHPFRC jacket yielded satisfactory recovery of strength and ductility for 10% corrosion but showed insufficient improvement against 20% corrosion. For columns with 20% corrosion, a combination of UHPFRC and two layers of GFRP worked well in improving ductility and strength.
Related References:
1. Hognestad, E., “A Study of Combined Bending and Axial Load in Reinforced Concrete Members,” Bulletin Series No. 399, 1951. doi:10.14359/7785.10.14359/7785
2. Sheikh, S. A., and Yau, G., “Seismic Behavior of Concrete Columns Confined with Steel and Fiber-Reinforced Polymers,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 99, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 2002, pp. 72-80. doi: 10.14359/11037
3. Canadian Standards Association, “Design of Concrete Structures (CSA A23.3-04),” CSA Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2004.
4. Eurocode 8, “Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance—Part 3: Assessment and Retrofitting of Buildings (EN 1998-3:2005),” European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.
5. Standards New Zealand, “Concrete Structures Standard—The Design of Concrete Structures (NZS-3101:2006(Part-I)),” Wellington, New Zealand, 2006.
6. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary,” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2011, 503 pp.
7. Bureau of Indian Standards, “Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces—Code of Practice (IS-13920:1993),” New Delhi, India, 2002.
8. Sheikh, S. A., “A Comparative Study of Confinement Models,” ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 79, No. 4, July-Aug. 1982, pp. 296-306.
9. Mo, Y. L., and Wang, S. J., “Seismic Behavior of RC Columns with Various Tie Configuration,” Journal of Structural Engineering, V. 126, No. 10, 2000, pp. 1122-1130. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2000)126:10(1122)
10. Capozucca, R., “Damage to Reinforced Concrete Due to Reinforcement Corrosion,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 9, No. 5, 1995, pp. 295-303. doi: 10.1016/0950-0618(95)00033-C
11. Almusallam, A. A.; Al-Gahtani, A. S.; Aziz, A. R.; Dakhil, F. H.; and Rasheeduzzafar, “Effect of Reinforcement Corrosion on Flexural Behavior of Concrete Slab,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 8, No. 3, 1996, pp. 123-127. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1996)8:3(123)
12. Cabrera, J. G., “Deterioration of Concrete Due to Reinforcement Steel Corrosion,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 18, No. 1, 1996, pp. 47-59. doi: 10.1016/0958-9465(95)00043-7
13. Rodriguez, J.; Ortega, L.; and Casal, J., “Load Carrying Capacity of Concrete Structures with Corroded Reinforcement,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 11, No. 4, 1997, pp. 239-248. doi: 10.1016/S0950-0618(97)00043-3
14. Campione, G.; Cannella, F.; Cavaleri, L.; and Ferrotto, M. F., “Moment-Axial Force Domain of Corroded RC Columns,” Materials and Structures, V. 23, No. 137, 2016, pp. 1-10.
15. Mancini, G.; Tondolo, F.; Iuliano, L.; and Minetola, P., “Local Reinforcing Bar Damage in RC Members due to Accelerated Corrosion and Loading,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 69, 2014, pp. 116-123. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.011
16. Capozucca, R., “Damage to Reinforced Concrete due to Reinforcement Corrosion,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 9, No. 5, 1995, pp. 295-303. doi: 10.1016/0950-0618(95)00033-C
17. Rajput, A. S., and Sharma, U. K., “Corroded Reinforced Concrete Columns under Simulated Seismic Loading,” Engineering Structures, V. 171, 2018, pp. 453-463. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.05.097
18. Rajput, A. S., and Sharma, U. K., “Performance of Aged Reinforced Concrete Columns under Simulated Seismic Loading,” Structural Concrete, V. 20, No. 3, 2019, pp. 1123-1136. doi: 10.1002/suco.201800235
19. Rajput, A. S.; Sharma, U. K.; and Engineer, K., “Seismic Retrofitting of Corroded RC Columns Using Advanced Composite Materials,” Engineering Structures, V. 181, 2019, pp. 35-46. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.12.009
20. Guo, A.; Li, H.; Ba, X.; Guan, X.; and Li, H., “Experimental Investigation on the Cyclic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Piers with Chloride-Induced Corrosion in Marine Environment,” Engineering Structures, V. 105, 2015, pp. 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.09.031
21. Ma, Y.; Che, Y.; and Gong, J., “Behavior of Corrosion Damaged Circular Reinforced Concrete Columns under Cyclic Loading,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 29, 2012, pp. 548-556. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.11.002
22. Eid, R., “Compressive Behaviour of FRP-/ Steel-Confined Circular and Square Reinforced Concrete Columns,” IIFC Proceedings, V. 04, 2012, pp. 1-6.
23. Louk Fanggi, B. A., and Ozbakkaloglu, T., “Compressive Behavior of Aramid FRP-HSC-Steel Double-Skin Tubular Columns,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 48, 2013, pp. 554-565. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.07.029
24. Zohrevand, P., and Mirmiran, A., “Behavior of Ultrahigh-Performance Concrete Confined by Fiber-Reinforced Polymers,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 23, No. 12, 2011, pp. 1727-1734. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000324
25. Yaqub, M.; Bailey, C. G.; and Nedwell, P., “Axial Capacity of Post-Heated Square Columns Wrapped with FRP Composites,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 33, No. 6, 2011, pp. 694-701. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.03.011
26. Aire, C.; Gettu, R.; Casas, J. R.; Marques, S.; and Marques, D., “Estudio Experimental y Modelo Teórico del Hormigón Confinado Lateralmente con Polímeros Reforzados con Fibras (FRP),” Materiales de Construcción, V. 60, No. 297, 2010, pp. 19-31. doi: 10.3989/mc.2010.45608
27. Maalej, M.; Tanwongsval, S.; and Paramasivam, P., “Modelling of Rectangular RC Columns Strengthened with FRP,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 25, No. 2, 2003, pp. 263-276. doi: 10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00017-3
28. Samdani, S., and Sheikh, S. A., “Analytical Study of FRP Confined Concrete Columns,” Report based of fMSc thesis by Samdani, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2003.
29. Yaqub, M., and Bailey, C. G., “Repair of Fire Damaged Circular Reinforced Concrete Columns with FRP Composites,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 25, No. 1, 2011, pp. 359-370. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.017
30. Sheikh, S. A., “Field and Laboratory Performance of Bridge Columns Repaired with Wrapped Glass-Fibre-Reinforced-Polymer Sheets,” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, V. 34, No. 3, 2007, pp. 403-413. doi: 10.1139/l06-112
31. Pantazopoulou, B. S. J.; Bonacci, J. F.; Sheikh, S.; Thomas, M. D. A.; and Hearn, N., “Repair of Corrosion Damaged Columns with FRP Wraps,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 5, No. 1, 2001, pp. 3-11. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2001)5:1(3)
32. Awasthi, S.; Rajput, A. S.; and Sharma, U. K., “FRP as a Confinement Reinforcement in RCC Columns,” Ambuja Technical Journal, V. 7, May 2018, pp. 34-39.
33. Rajput, A. S., and Sharma, U. K., “Durability and Serviceability Performance of GFRP Rebars as Concrete Reinforcement,” Indian Concrete Journal, V. 91, No. 7, 2017, pp. 51-60.
34. Aquino, W., and Hawkins, N. M., “Seismic Retrofitting of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Columns Using Carbon Composites,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 104, No. 3, May-June 2007, pp. 348-356.
35. Li, J.; Gong, J.; and Wang, L., “Seismic Behavior of Corrosion-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Columns Strengthened Using Combined Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer and Steel Jacket,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 23, No. 7, 2009, pp. 2653-2663. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.01.003
36. Bureau of Indian Standards, “Indian Concrete Mix Design Guide Lines (IS 10262:2009),” New Delhi, India, 2009.
37. ASTM G1-03(2011), “Standard Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corrosion Test,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2011, 9 pp.
38. ACI Committee 374, “Guide for Testing Reinforced Concrete Structural Elements under Slowly Applied Simulated Seismic Loads (ACI 374.2R-13),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2013, 18 pp.
39. Elwood, K., and Moehle, J. P., “Shake Table Tests and Analytical Studies on the Gravity Load Collapse of Reinforced Concrete Frames,” PEER Report 2003/01, 2003, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Berkeley, CA, 364 pp.
40. Nakamura, T., and Yoshimura, M., “Gravity Load Collapse of Reinforced Concrete Frames, CE 299 Report, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 2014, 11 pp.
41. Zhang, G.; Cao, X.; and Fu, Q., “Experimental Study on Residual Strength of Concrete Confined with Corroded Stirrups,” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, V. 43, No. 6, 2016, pp. 583-590. doi: 10.1139/cjce-2016-0138
42. Meda, A.; Mostosi, S.; Rinaldi, Z.; and Riva, P., “Experimental Evaluation of the Corrosion Influence on the Cyclic Behaviour of RC Columns,” Engineering Structures, V. 76, 2014, pp. 112-123. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.06.043
43. Bailey, C. G., and Yaqub, M., “Seismic Strengthening of Shear Critical Post-Heated Circular Concrete Columns Wrapped with FRP Composite Jackets,” Composite Structures, V. 94, No. 3, 2012, pp. 851-864. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2011.09.004