Title:
Behavior and Strength of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams with Web Openings
Author(s):
Jacob Frappier, Khaled Mohamed, Ahmed Sabry Farghaly, and Brahim Benmokrane
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
116
Issue:
5
Appears on pages(s):
275-286
Keywords:
deep beams; glass fiber-reinforced polymer bars; openings; shear strength; steel; strain; strut-and-tie model
DOI:
10.14359/51716774
Date:
9/1/2019
Abstract:
The current study investigated the behavior of reinforced concrete deep beams with web openings. Seven deep beams were tested: five had web openings—of which three were reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars and two reference specimens were reinforced with steel bars—and two solid deep beams, one with GFRP bars and one with steel bars as reference. The beams were 1200 x 300 mm in cross section and 5000 mm in span. The shear span-depth ratio (a/d) was 1.13. The openings in the beam webs were 304 mm high and 340 mm wide. Different GFRP and steel reinforcement configurations were provided around the web opening. The results were analyzed in terms of cracking pattern, mode of failure, load-deflection behavior, opening effect, and efficiency of the reinforcement configuration. The GFRP- and steel-reinforced solid deep beams exhibited similar resistance, while the GFRP-reinforced deep beams with openings had slightly lower capacity than the steel-reinforced ones. Strut-and-tie models (STMs) available in ACI and CSA design codes and the literature were assessed. The accuracy of each model was confirmed, revealing the applicability of the STMs for complex truss models as in deep beams with web openings.
Related References:
AASHTO, 2017, “AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications,” eighth edition, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.
ACI Committee 318, 2014, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary (ACI 318R-14),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 519 pp.
ACI Committee 440, 2015, “Guide for the Design and Construction of Concrete Reinforced with FRP Bars (ACI 440.1R-15),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 44 pp.
Andermatt, M. F., and Lubell, A. S., 2013a, “Behavior of Concrete Deep Beams Reinforced with Internal Fiber-Reinforced Polymer—Experimental Study,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 110, No. 4, July-Aug., pp. 585-594.
Andermatt, M. F., and Lubell, A. S., 2013b, “Strength Modeling of Concrete Deep Beams Reinforced with Internal Fiber-Reinforced Polymer,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 110, No. 4, July-Aug., pp. 595-605.
Brena, S. F., and Morrison, M. C., 2007, “Factors Affecting Strength of Elements Designed Using Strut-and-Tie Models,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 104, No. 3, May-June, pp. 267-277.
Collins, M. P.; Bentz, E. C.; and Sherwood, E. G., 2008, “Where is Shear Reinforcement Required? Review of Research Results and Design Procedures,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 105, No. 5, Sept.-Oct., pp. 590-600.
CSA A23.3-14, 2014, “Design of Concrete Structures Standard,” Canadian Standards Association, Mississauga, ON, Canada, 240 pp.
CSA S806, 2012, “Design and Construction of Building Components with Fiber-Reinforced Polymers,” Canadian Standards Association, Mississauga, ON, Canada, 208 pp.
Eun, H.-C.; Lee, Y.-H.; Chung, H.-S.; and Yang, K.-H., 2006, “On the Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam with Web Opening,” Tall and Special Buildings, V. 15, No. 4, pp. 445-466. doi: 10.1002/tal.306
Farghaly, A. S., and Benmokrane, B., 2013, “Shear Behavior of FRP-Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams without Web Reinforcement,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 17, No. 6, p. 04013015.
fib, 1999, “Textbook on Behaviour, Design, and Performance,” fib Bulletin No. 1, International Federation for Structural Concrete, Lausanne, Switzerland, 224 pp.
Garber, D. B.; Gallardo, J. M.; Huaco, G. D.; Samaras, V. A.; and Breen, J. E., 2014, “Experimental Evaluation of Strut-and-Tie Model of Indeterminate Deep Beam,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 111, No. 4, July-Aug., pp. 873-880. doi: 10.14359/51686738
Ismail, K. S.; Guadagnini, M.; and Pilakoutas, K., 2018, “Strut-and-Tie Modeling of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 144, No. 2, p. 04017216 doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001974
Kim, D.-J.; Lee, J.; and Lee, Y. H., 2014, “Effectiveness Factor of Strut-and-Tie Model for Concrete Deep Beams Reinforced with FRP Rebars,” Composites Engineering: Part B, V. 56, pp. 117-125. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.08.009
Kuchma, D. A., and Tjhin, T. N., 2001, “CAST (Computer Aided Strut-and-Tie) Design Tool,” Structures—A Structural Engineering Odyssey, Structures 2001—Proceedings of the 2001 Structures Congress and Exposition, Washington, DC.
Mihaylov, B. I.; Bentz, E. C.; and Collins, M. P., 2013, “Two-Parameter Kinematic Theory for Shear Behavior of Deep Beams,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 110, No. 3, May-June, pp. 447-455.
Mohamed, K.; Farghaly, A. S.; and Benmokrane, B., 2016, “Strut Efficiency-Based Design for Concrete Deep Beams Reinforced with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 113, No. 4, July-Aug., pp. 791-800. doi: 10.14359/51688476
Mohamed, K.; Farghaly, A. S.; and Benmokrane, B., 2017a, “Effect of Vertical and Horizontal Web Reinforcement on the Strength and Deformation of Concrete Deep Beams Reinforced with GFRP Bars,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 143, No. 8, p. 04017079 doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001786
Mohamed, K.; Farghaly, A. S.; Benmokrane, B.; and Neale, K. W., 2017b, “Nonlinear Finite-Element Analysis for the Behavior Prediction and Strut Efficiency Factor of GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams,” Engineering Structures, V. 137, pp. 145-161. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.01.045
Pultrall, 2016, “Data Sheet - V-ROD GFRP Rebars,” Thetford Mines, QC, Canada.
Reineck, K., and Todisco, L., 2014, “Database of Shear Tests for Non-Slender Reinforced Concrete Beams without Stirrups,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 111, No. 6, Nov.-Dec., pp. 1363-1372. doi: 10.14359/51686820
Schlaich, J.; Schafer, K.; and Jennewein, M., 1987, “Toward a Consistent Design of Structural Concrete,” PCI Journal, V. 32, No. 3, pp. 74-150. doi: 10.15554/pcij.05011987.74.150
Tan, K. H.; Tong, K.; and Tang, C. Y., 2003, “Consistent Strut-and-Tie Modelling of Deep Beams with Web Openings,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 55, No. 1, pp. 65-75. doi: 10.1680/macr.2003.55.1.65
Tuchscherer, R.; Birrcher, D.; Huizinga, M.; and Bayrak, O., 2011, “Distribution of Stirrups across Web of Deep Beams,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 108, No. 1, Jan.-Feb., pp. 108-115.
Tuchscherer, R. G.; Birrcher, D. B.; Williams, C. S.; Deschenes, D. J.; and Bayrak, O., 2014, “Evaluation of Existing Strut-and-Tie Methods and Recommended Improvements,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 111, No. 6, Nov.-Dec., pp. 1451-1460. doi: 10.14359/516869926
Vecchio, F. J., and Collins, M. P., 1993, “Compression Response of Cracked Reinforced Concrete,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 119, No. 12, pp. 3590-3610. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1993)119:12(3590)
Yang, K.-H.; Chung, H.-S.; and Ashour, A. F., 2007, “Influence of Inclined Web Reinforcement on Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams with Openings,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 104, No. 5, Sept.-Oct., pp. 580-589.
Yang, K.-H.; Eun, H.-C.; and Chung, H.-S., 2006, “The Influence of Web Openings on the Structural Behavior of Reinforced High-Strength Concrete Deep Beams,” Engineering Structures, V. 28, No. 13, pp. 1825-1834. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.03.021