Title:
Performance-Based Specifications for Concrete Exposed to Chlorides
Author(s):
Kyle A. Riding, Michael D.A. Thomas, R. Doug Hooton, Karthik H. Obla, and W. Jason Weiss
Publication:
Concrete International
Volume:
40
Issue:
7
Appears on pages(s):
41-47
Keywords:
corrosion, electrical, resistivity, test
DOI:
Date:
7/1/2018
Abstract:
Inclusion of a performance-based alternative for concrete exposed to chlorides in the ACI Code could foster innovation and better in-place concrete. Currently available electrical tests for concrete can be adopted as part of a performance-based approach in the ACI 318 Code until a more practical method to measure the concrete’s resistance to chloride ingress is developed.
Related References:
1. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary (ACI 318R-14),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2014, 519 pp.
2. Bickley, J.A.; Hooton, D.R.; and Hover, K.C., “Performance Specifications for Durable Concrete,” Concrete International, V. 28, No. 9, Sept. 2006, pp. 51-57.
3. Koch, G.H.; Brongers, M.P.; Thompson, N.G.; Virmani, Y.P.; and Payer, J.H., “Corrosion Costs and Preventive Strategies in the United States,” FHWA-RD-01-156, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, 2002, 11 pp.
4. “ACI Concrete Terminology (ACI CT-16),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2016, 76 pp.
5. Zibara, H., “Binding of External Chlorides by Cement Pastes,” PhD dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2001, 320 pp.
6. Thomas, M.D.; Hooton, R.D.; Scott, A.; and Zibara, H., “The Effect of Supplementary Cementitious Materials on Chloride Binding in Hardened Cement Paste,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 42, No. 1, Jan. 2012, pp. 1-7.
7. ASTM C1543, “Standard Test Method for Determining the Penetration of Chloride Ion into Concrete by Ponding,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
8. AASHTO T 259, “Standard Method of Test for Resistance of Concrete to Chloride Ion Penetration,” American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.
9. ASTM C1556, “Standard Test Method for Determining the Apparent Chloride Diffusion Coefficient of Cementitious Mixtures by Bulk Diffusion,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
10. Berg, C.F., “Re-Examining Archie’s Law: Conductance Description by Tortuosity and Constriction,” Physical Review E, V. 86, No. 4, Oct. 2012, 9 pp.
11. Weiss, W.J.; Ley, M.T.; Isgor, O.B.; and Van Dam, T., “Toward Performance Specifications for Concrete Durability: Using the Formation Factor for Corrosion and Critical Saturation for Freeze-Thaw,” Transportation Research Record, Jan. 2017, 18 pp.
12. Whiting, D., “Rapid Determination of the Chloride Permeability of Concrete,” FHWA/RD-81/119, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, 1981, 174 pp.
13. AASHTO T 277, “Standard Method of Test for Electrical Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration,” American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.
14. ASTM C1202, “Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
15. ASTM C1760, “Standard Test Method for Bulk Electrical Conductivity of Hardened Concrete,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
16. Riding, K.A.; Poole, J.L.; Schindler, A.K.; Juenger, M.C.; and Folliard, K.J., “Simplified Concrete Resistivity and Rapid Chloride Permeability Test Method,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 105, No. 4, July-Aug. 2008, pp. 390-394.
17. AASHTO T 358, “Standard Method of Test for Surface Resistivity Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration,” American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.
18. AASHTO TP 119, “Standard Method of Test for Electrical Resistivity of a Concrete Cylinder Tested in a Uniaxial Resistance Test,” American Associate of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.
19. Hooton, R.D., and Charmchi, G., “Adoption of Resistivity Tests for Concrete Acceptance,” Recent Advances in Concrete Technology and Sustainability Issues, SP-203, T.C. Holland, P.R. Gupta, and V.M. Malhotra, eds., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2015, pp. 269-279.
20. Spragg, R.; Villani, C.; Snyder, K.; Bentz, D.; Bullard, J.; and Weiss, J., “Factors that Influence Electrical Resistivity Measurements in Cementitious Systems,” Transportation Research Record, V. 2342, Dec. 2013, pp. 90-98.
21. Spragg, R.; Bu, Y.; Snyder, K.; Bentz, D.; and Weiss, J., “Electrical Testing of Cement-Based Materials: Role of Testing Techniques, Sample Conditioning, and Accelerated Curing,” FHWA/IN/JTRP‐2013/28, Indiana Department of Transportation, Indianapolis, IN, 2013, 23 pp.
22. Spragg, R.P.; Villani, C.; Weiss, J.; Poursaee, A.; Jones, S.; Bentz, D.P.; and Snyder, K.A., “Surface and Uniaxial Electrical Measurements on Layered Cementitious Composites having Cylindrical and Prismatic Geometries,” Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on the Durability of Concrete Structures, West Lafayette, IN, 2014, pp. 317-326.
23. Snyder, K.A.; Feng, X.; Keen, B.D.; and Mason, T.O., “Estimating the Electrical Conductivity of Cement Paste Pore Solutions from OH−, K+, and Na+ Concentrations,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 33, No. 6, June 2003, pp. 793-798.
24. Thomas, M.D., “The Effect of Supplementary Cementing Materials on Alkali-Silica Reaction: A Review,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 41, No. 12, Dec. 2011, pp. 1224-1231.
25. Hooton, R.D.; Thomas, M.D.; and Ramlochan, T., “Use of Pore Solution Analysis in Design for Concrete Durability,” Advances in Cement Research, V. 22, No. 4, Oct. 2010, pp. 203-210.
26. Rajabipour, F.; Sant, G.; and Weiss, J., “Development of Electrical Conductivity-Based Sensors for Health Monitoring of Concrete Materials,” TRB 86th Annual Meeting Compendium of Papers CD-ROM, Washington, DC, 2007, 16 pp.
27. ASTM C192/C192M, “Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
28. Spragg, R.; Jones, S.; Bu, Y.; Lu, Y.; Bentz, D.; Snyder, K.; and Weiss, J., “Leaching of Conductive Species: Implications to Measurements of Electrical Resistitivity,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 79, May 2017, pp. 94-105.
29. Thomas, M., Supplementary Cementing Materials in Concrete, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2017, 210 pp.
30. Lane, D.S., and Ozyildirim, C., “Combinations of Pozzolans and Ground, Granulated, Blast-Furnace Slag for Durable Hydraulic Cement Concrete,” Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville, VA, 1999, 19 pp.
31. “A23.1/A23.2 - Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction/Test Methods and Standard Practices for Concrete,” CSA Group, Mississauga, ON, Canada.
32. Taylor, P., personal communication.
33. Weiss, W.J.; Barrett, T.J.; Qiao, C.; and Todak, H., “Toward a Specification for Transport Properties of Concrete Based on the Formation Factor of a Sealed Specimen,” Advances in Civil Engineering Materials, V. 5, No. 1, 2016, pp. 179-194.