Title:
Mechanical Behavior of Thin-Laminated Cementitious Composites Incorporating Cenosphere Fillers
Author(s):
Asad Hanif, Yu Cheng, Zeyu Lu, and Zongjin Li
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
115
Issue:
1
Appears on pages(s):
117-127
Keywords:
cement-based composite; flexural strength; fly ash cenosphere; laminated composite; lightweight
DOI:
10.14359/51701007
Date:
1/1/2018
Abstract:
This study evaluates the suitability of fly ash cenosphere (FAC) for use in thin laminated cementitious composites (LCC). Laminated cementitious composites are reinforced concrete elements constructed of hydraulic cement mortar and closely spaced layers of mesh reinforcement. In this study, FAC was used in the mortar matrix instead of sand (a typical ingredient of hydraulic cement mortar). Various weight fractions (40, 50, and 60%) of FAC were used in preparing the mortars while discontinuous polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fibers were also incorporated, in small amounts (0.50%), for improved matrix stiffness. Galvanized iron welded wire mesh and fiberglass woven mesh were used as primary reinforcement in LCC specimens. The resulting matrixes and LCC specimens were tested for mechanical properties and flexural performance. The properties of developed LCCs incorporating FAC were also compared with their counterparts fabricated with high-strength silica sand mortar matrix. Fly ash cenosphere was determined suitable in producing structural lightweight LCCs (specific strength range; 7.52 to 26.65 kPa/kgm–3 [17.47 to 61.92 psi/pcf]) with excellent mechanical properties while having improved the characteristic brittleness associated with lightweight composites. Further, FACincorporated LCCs exhibited better ductility even at lower peak flexural strength. A 50% FAC weight fraction has been proved to be the most efficient in producing strong lightweight LCCs for practical applications as structural elements.
Related References:
1. Naaman, A. E., Ferrocement and Laminated Cementitious Composites, Techno Press, Ann Arbor, MI, 2000. doi:10.1007/BF0248417110.1007/BF02484171
2. ACI Committee 549, “Report on Thin Reinforced Cementitious Products (ACI 549.2R-04),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2004, 32 pp.
3. Hanif, A., Recycled Aggregate Use in Precast Concrete: Properties and Applications, LAMBERT Academic Publishing, Germany, 2017, 84 pp.
4. Hanif, A.; Lu, Z.; Sun, M.; Parthasarathy, P.; and Li, Z., “Green Lightweight Ferrocement Incorporating Fly Ash Cenosphere Based Fibrous Mortar Matrix,” Journal of Cleaner Production, V. 159, 2017, pp. 326-335. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.079
5. Hanif, A.; Usman, M.; Lu, Z.; Cheng, Y.; and Li, Z., “Flexural Fatigue Behavior of Thin Laminated Cementitious Composites Incorporating Cenosphere Fillers,” Materials & Design, V. 140, 2018, pp. 267–277.
6. Shannag, M. J., “High-Performance Cementitious Grouts for Structural Repair,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 32, No. 5, 2002, pp. 803-808. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00710-X
7. Shannag, M. J., Concrete Solutions, M., Grantham; C., Majorana; and V., Salomoni, eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2009, pp. 385-388.
8. Watt, S. B., Ferrocement Water Tanks and Their Construction, Intermediate Technology Publications, London, UK, 1978, 120 pp.
9. Guerra, A.; Naaman, A. E.; and Shah, S. P., “Ferrocement Cylindrical Tanks: Cracking and Leakage Behavior,” ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 75, No. 1, Jan. 1978, pp. 22-30.
10. ACI Committee 549, “Guide for the Design, Construction, and Repair of Ferrocement (ACI 549.1R-93) (Reapproved 2009),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1993, 30 pp.
11. ACI Committee 549, “Report on Ferrocement (ACI 549R-97),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1997, 26 pp.
12. Yerramala, A.; Ramachandurdu, C.; and Bhaskar Desai, V., “Flexural Strength of Metakaolin Ferrocement,” Composites. Part B, Engineering, V. 55, 2013, pp. 176-183. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.06.029
13. Memon, N. A.; Sumadi, S. R.; and Ramli, M., “Performance of High Workability Slag-Cement Mortar for Ferrocement,” Building and Environment, V. 42, No. 7, 2007, pp. 2710-2717. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.07.015
14. Desayi, P., and Reddy, V., “Strength of Lightweight Ferrocement in Flexure,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 13, No. 1, 1991, pp. 13-20. doi: 10.1016/0958-9465(91)90042-G
15. ACI Committee 213, “Guide for Structural Lightweight-Aggregate Concrete (ACI 213R-03),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2003.
16. Memon, N. A.; Sumadi, S. R.; and Ramli, M., “Ferrocement Encased Lightweight Aerated Concrete: A Novel Approach to Produce Sandwich Composite,” Materials Letters, V. 61, No. 19-20, 2007, pp. 4035-4038. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2007.01.039
17. Hanif, A.; Parthasarathy, P.; Ma, H.; Fan, T.; and Li, Z., “Properties Improvement of Fly Ash Cenosphere Modified Cement Pastes Using Nano-Silica,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 81, 2017, pp. 35-48. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.04.008
18. Hanif, A.; Lu, Z.; and Li, Z., “Utilization of Fly Ash Cenosphere as Lightweight Filler in Cement-Based Composites—A Review,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 144, 2017, pp. 373-384. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.188
19. Fomenko, E. V.; Anshits, N. N.; Solovyov, L. A.; Mikhaylova, O. A.; and Anshits, A. G., “Composition and Morphology of Fly Ash Cenospheres Produced from the Combustion of Kuznetsk Coal,” Energy & Fuels, V. 27, No. 9, 2013, pp. 5440-5448. doi: 10.1021/ef400754c
20. Montgomery, D., and Diamond, S., “The Influence of Fly Ash Cenospheres on the Details of Cracking in Flyash-Bearing Cement Pastes,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 14, No. 6, 1984, pp. 767-775. doi: 10.1016/0008-8846(84)90001-2
21. Blanco, F.; García, P.; Mateos, P.; and Ayala, J., “Characteristics and Properties of Lightweight Concrete Manufactured with Cenospheres,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 30, No. 11, 2000, pp. 1715-1722. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00357-4
22. Hanif, A.; Diao, S.; Lu, Z.; Fan, T.; and Li, Z., “Green Lightweight Cementitious Composite Incorporating Aerogels and Fly Ash Cenospheres—Mechanical and Thermal Insulating Properties,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 116, 2016, pp. 422-430. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.134
23. Hanif, A.; Lu, Z.; Diao, S.; Zeng, X.; and Li, Z., “Properties Investigation of Fiber Reinforced Cement-Based Composites Incorporating Cenosphere Fillers,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 140, 2017, pp. 139-149. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.093
24. Hanif, A.; Parthasarathy, P.; Lu, Z.; Sun, M.; and Li, Z., “Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composites Incorporating Glass Cenospheres—Mechanical Properties and Microstructure,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 154, 2017, pp. 529-538. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.235
25. Wang, J. Y.; Zhang, M. H.; Li, W.; Chia, K. S.; and Liew, J. Y. R., “Stability of Cenospheres in Lightweight Cement Composites in Terms of Alkali-Silica Reaction,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 42, No. 5, 2012, pp. 721-727. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.02.010
26. Wu, Y.; Wang, J. Y.; Monteiro, P. J. M.; and Zhang, M. H., “Development of Ultra-Lightweight Cement Composites with Low Thermal Conductivity and High Specific Strength for Energy Efficient Buildings,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 87, 2015, pp. 100-112. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.04.004
27. Kannan, K. S.; Andal, L.; and Shanmugasundaram, M., “An Investigation on Strength Development of Cement with Cenosphere and Silica Fume as Pozzolanic Replacement,” Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, V. 2016, 2016, 5 pp.
28. Wang, J. Y.; Yang, Y.; Liew, J. Y. R.; and Zhang, M. H., “Method to Determine Mixture Proportions of Workable Ultra Lightweight Cement Composites to Achieve Target Unit Weights,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 53, 2014, pp. 178-186. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.07.006
29. Hanif, A.; Parthasarathy, P.; and Li, Z., “Using Fly Ash Cenosphere and Aerogel for Lightweight Thermal Insulating Cement-Based Composites,” ICGBMCE 2017: 19th International Conference on Green Building, Materials and Civil Engineering, London, UK, Feb. 2017, pp. 42-48.
30. Yan, J. B.; Liew, J. Y. R.; Zhang, M. H.; and Li, Z. X., “Punching Shear Resistance of Steel-Concrete-Steel Sandwich Composite Shell Structure,” Engineering Structures, V. 117, 2016, pp. 470-485. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.03.029
31. Yan, J. B.; Liu, X. M.; Liew, J. Y. R.; Qian, X.; and Zhang, M. H., “Steel-Concrete-Steel Sandwich System in Arctic Offshore Structure: Materials, Experiments, and Design,” Materials & Design, V. 91, 2016, pp. 111-121. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.11.084
32. Yan, J. B.; Wang, J. Y.; Liew, J. Y. R.; and Qian, X., “Applications of Ultra-Lightweight Cement Composite in Flat Slabs and Double Skin Composite Structures,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 111, 2016, pp. 774-793. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.122
33. Yan, J.; Wang, J.-Y.; Richard Liew, J. Y.; Qian, X.; and Zhang, W., “Reinforced Ultra-Lightweight Cement Composite Flat Slabs: Experiments and Analysis,” Materials & Design, V. 95, 2016, pp. 148-158. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.01.097
34. Huang, Z. Y., and Liew, J. Y. R., “Structural Behaviour of Steel-Concrete-Steel Sandwich Composite Wall Subjected to Compression and End Moment,” Thin-Walled Structures, V. 98, 2016, pp. 592-606. doi: 10.1016/j.tws.2015.10.013
35. Yan, J. B.; Wang, J. Y.; Liew, J. Y. R.; Qian, X.; and Zong, L., “Ultimate Strength Behaviour of Steel-Concrete-Steel Sandwich Plate under Concentrated Loads,” Ocean Engineering, V. 118, 2016, pp. 41-57. doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2016.03.062
36. Mala, K.; Mullick, A. K.; Jain, K. K.; and Singh, P. K., “Effect of Relative Levels of Mineral Admixtures on Strength of Concrete with Ternary Cement Blend,” International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, V. 7, No. 3, 2013, pp. 239-249. doi: 10.1007/s40069-013-0049-9
37. Rashad, A. M.; Seleem, H. E. D. H.; and Shaheen, A. F., “Effect of Silica Fume and Slag on Compressive Strength and Abrasion Resistance of HVFA Concrete,” International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, V. 8, No. 1, 2014, pp. 69-81. doi: 10.1007/s40069-013-0051-2
38. Ding, J., and Li, Z., “Effects of Metakaolin and Silica Fume on Properties of Concrete,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 99, No. 4, July-Aug. 2002, pp. 393-398.
39. Parthasarathy, P.; Hanif, A.; Shao, H.; and Li, Z., “Microstructural and Morphological Studies of Ordinary Portland Cement Paste and Fly Ash Based Geopolymer in the Presence of Chloride Ions,” 71st RILEM Week and ICACMS 2017—International Conference on Advances in Construction Materials and Systems, Chennai, India, Sept. 2017, pp. 623-631.
40. Hanif, A.; Lu, Z.; Diao, S.; Zeng, X.; and Li, Z., “Properties Investigation of Fiber Reinforced Cement-Based Composites Incorporating Cenosphere Fillers,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 140, 2017, pp. 139-149. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.093
41. Hanif, A.; Lu, Z.; Cheng, Y.; Diao, S.; and Li, Z., “Effects of Different Lightweight Functional Fillers for Use in Cementitious Composites,” International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, V. 11, No. 1, 2017, pp. 99-113. doi: 10.1007/s40069-016-0184-1
42. Lu, Z.; Hanif, A.; Ning, C.; Shao, H.; Yin, R.; and Li, Z., “Steric Stabilization of Graphene Oxide in Alkaline Cementitious Solutions: Mechanical Enhancement of Cement Composite,” Materials & Design, V. 127, 2017, pp. 154-161.
43. Lu, Z.; Hou, D.; Meng, L.; Sun, G.; Lu, C.; Li, Z., “Mechanism of Cement Paste Reinforced by Graphene Oxide/Carbon Nanotubes Composites with Enhanced Mechanical Properties,” RSC Advances, No. 122, 2015, pp. 100598-100605. doi: 10.1039/C5RA18602A
44. Clarke, J., Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete, Blackie Academic and Professional, London, UK, 1993, 250 pp.
45. Li, V., “Advances in ECC Research,” Concrete: Material Science to Application, SP-206, P. Balaguru, A. Naaman, and W. Wiess, eds., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2002, pp. 373-400.
46. ASTM C230/C230M-08, “Standard Specification for Flow Table for Use in Tests of Hydraulic Cement,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2003, 6 pp. doi:10.1520/C023010.1520/C0230
47. ASTM C1437-99, “Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 1999, 2 pp. doi:10.1520/C1437-13.210.1520/C1437-13.2
48. ASTM C39/C39M-99, “Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2003, 5 pp.
49. ASTM C469-94, “Standard Test Method for Static Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson’s Ratio of Concrete,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 1994, 5 pp. doi:10.1520/C046910.1520/C0469
50. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318M-08) and Commentary,” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2008, 473 pp.
51. ASTM D790-10, “Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010, 11 pp. doi:10.1520/D0790-1010.1520/D0790-10
52. ASTM C348-97, “Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 1997, 5 pp.
53. Behloul, M.; Chanvillard, G.; Pimienta, P.; Pineaud, A.; and Rivillon, P., “Fatigue Flexural Behavior of Pre-Cracked Specimens of Special UHPFRC,” Seventh International Symposium on the Utilization of High Strength/High-Performance Concrete, 2005, pp. 1253-1268.
54. CEB-FIP Model Code, “Structural Concrete—Textbook on Behaviour, Design, and Performance. Updated Knowledge of the CEB/FIP Model Code 1990,” fib Bulletin 2, V. 2, Fédération Internationale du Béton, Lausanne, Switzerland, 1999, pp. 37-52.
55. Gül, R.; Okuyucu, E.; Türkmen, I.; and Aydin, A. C., “Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Fiber Reinforced Raw Perlite Concrete,” Materials Letters, V. 61, No. 29, 2007, pp. 5145-5149. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2007.04.050
56. Demirboǧa, R., and Gül, R., “Thermal Conductivity and Compressive Strength of Expanded Perlite Aggregate Concrete with Mineral Admixtures,” Energy and Building, V. 35, No. 11, 2003, pp. 1155-1159. doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2003.09.002
57. Yu, Q. L.; Spiesz, P.; and Brouwers, H. J. H., “Development of Cement-Based Lightweight Composites – Part 1: Mix Design Methodology and Hardened Properties,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 44, 2013, pp. 17-29. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.03.030
58. Kim, H. K.; Jeon, J. H.; and Lee, H. K., “Workability, and Mechanical, Acoustic and Thermal Properties of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete with a High Volume of Entrained Air,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 29, 2012, pp. 193-200. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.08.067
59. AFGC-Setra, “Bétons fibrés à ultra-hautes performances (Ultra High Performance Fibre-Reinforced Concretes), Recommandations provisoires (Interim Recommendations),” Association française génie Civ. 152, 2002. doi:10.1016/S0262-1762(08)70025-710.1016/S0262-1762(08)70025-7