Title:
Beam Experiments on Acceptance Criteria for Bridge Load Tests
Author(s):
Eva O. L. Lantsoght, Yuguang Yang, Cor van der Veen, Ane de Boer, and Dick A. Hordijk
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
114
Issue:
4
Appears on pages(s):
1031-1041
Keywords:
acceptance criteria; beam test; bending; load test; loading protocol; proof loading; reinforced concrete slab; shear; slab bridge
DOI:
10.14359/51689786
Date:
7/1/2017
Abstract:
Loading protocols and acceptance criteria are available in the literature for load tests on buildings. For bridges, proof load tests are interesting when crucial information about the structure is missing, or when the uncertainties about the structural response are large. The acceptance criteria can then be applied to evaluate if further loading is acceptable, or could lead to permanent damage to the structure. To develop loading protocols and acceptance criteria for proof loading of reinforced concrete bridges, beam experiments were analyzed. In these experiments, different loading speeds, constant load level times, numbers of loading cycles, and required number of load levels were evaluated. The result of these experiments is the development of a standard loading protocol for the proof loading of reinforced concrete bridges. Based on these limited test results, recommendations for acceptance criteria are also proposed.
Related References:
ACI Committee 437, 2013, “Code Requirements for Load Testing of Existing Concrete Structures (ACI 437.2M-13) and Commentary,” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 24 pp.
Aguilar, C. V.; Jáuregui, D. V.; Newtson, C. M.; Weldon, B. D.; and Cortez, T. M., 2015, “Load Rating a Prestressed Concrete Double-Tee Beam Bridge without Plans by Proof Testing,” Transportation Research Board Annual Compendium of Papers, Washington, DC, 19 pp.
Casadei, P.; Parretti, R.; Nanni, A.; and Heinze, T., 2005, “In Situ Load Testing of Parking Garage Reinforced Concrete Slabs: Comparison between 24 h and Cyclic Load Testing,” Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction, V. 10, No. 1, pp. 40-48.
Casas, J. R., and Gómez, J. D., 2013, “Load Rating of Highway Bridges by Proof-loading,” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, V. 17, No. 3, pp. 556-567.
CEN, 2003, “Eurocode 1: Actions on structures - Part 2: Traffic loads on bridges, NEN-EN 1991-2:2003,” Comité Européen de Normalisation, Brussels, Belgium, 168 pp.
CEN, 2005, “Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures - Part 1-1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings. NEN-EN 1992-1-1:2005,” Comité Européen de Normalisation, Brussels, Belgium, 229 pp.
Cochet, D.; Corfdir, P.; Delfosse, G.; Jaffre, Y.; Kretz, T.; Lacoste, G.; Lefaucheur, D.; Khac, V. L.; and Prat, M., 2004, “Load Tests on Highway Bridges and Pedestrian Bridges,” Sétra - Service d’Etudes techniques des routes et autoroutes, Bagneux-Cedex, France, 60 pp. (in French)
De Luca, A.; Zadeh, H. J.; and Nanni, A., 2014, “In Situ Load Testing of a One-Way Reinforced Concrete Slab per the ACI 437 Standard,” Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, V. 28, No. 5, Oct., pp. 1-10.
Deutscher Ausschuss für Stahlbeton, 2000, “DAfStb-Guideline: Load tests on concrete structures,” Deutscher Ausschuss fur Stahlbeton, Berlin, Germany, 7 pp. (in German)
Dieteren, G. G. A., and den Uijl, J. A., 2009, “Evaluation Proof Loading Heidijk,” V. 2008-DWARS-MOlO, TNO Bouw en Ondergrond/TU Delft, Delft, the Netherlands, 70 pp. (in Dutch)
Faber, M. H.; Val, D. V.; and Stewart, M. G., 2000, “Proof Load Testing for Bridge Assessment and Upgrading,” Engineering Structures, V. 22, pp. 1677-1689.
Fennis, S. A. A. M., and Hordijk, D. A., 2014, “Proof Loading Halvemaans Bridge Alkmaar,” Stevin Report 25.5-14-05, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands, 72 pp. (in Dutch)
Fu, G.; Pezze, F. P. III; and Alampalli, S., 1997, “Diagnostic Load Testing for Bridge Load Rating,” Transportation Research Record, V. 1594, pp. 125-133.
Galati, N.; Nanni, A.; Tumialan, J. G.; and Ziehl, P. H., 2008, “In-Situ Evaluation of Two Concrete Slab Systems. I: Load Determination and Loading Procedure,” Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, V. 22, No. 4, July-Aug, pp. 207-216.
Institution of Civil Engineers - National Steering Committee for the Load Testing of Bridges, 1998, “Guidelines for the Supplementary Load Testing of Bridges,” London, UK, 44 pp.
Kapphahn, G., 2009, “Experimental Safety Analysis of Superstructure of Bridge Nr. 12 (14H04) in Street N240 in Medemblik,” ifem, Markkleeberg, Germany, 70 pp. (in German)
Koekkoek, R. T.; Lantsoght, E. O. L.; and Hordijk, D. A., 2015a, “Proof Loading of the ASR-Affected Viaduct Zijlweg over Highway A59,” Stevin Report nr. 25.5-15-08, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands, 180 pp.
Koekkoek, R. T.; Lantsoght, E. O. L.; Yang, Y.; and Hordijk, D. A., 2016, “Analysis Report for the Assessment of Viaduct De Beek by Proof Loading,” Stevin Report 25.5-16-01, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands, 125 pp.
Koekkoek, R. T.; Yang, Y.; Fennis, S. A. A. M.; and Hordijk, D. A., 2015b, “Assessment of Viaduct Vlijmen Oost by Proof Loading,” Stevin Report 25.5-15-10, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands, 126 pp.
König, G., and Fischer, J., 1995, “Model Uncertainties Concerning Design Equations for the Shear Capacity of Concrete Members without Shear Reinforcement,” CEB Bulletin 224, Model Uncertainties and Concrete Barrier for Environmental Protection, July, pp. 49-100.
Lantsoght, E. O. L., De Boer, A. and Van der Veen, C., 2017, “Levels of Approximation for the Shear Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Slab Bridges,” Structural Concrete, V. 38, No. 1, Mar., pp. 143-152.
Lantsoght, E. O. L.; van der Veen, C.; and de Boer, A., 2016a, “Shear and Moment Capacity of the Ruytenschildt Bridge,” IABMAS, V. 2016, p. 8.
Lantsoght, E. O. L.; Yang, Y.; van der Veen, C.; and Bosman, A., 2016b, “Analysis of Beam Experiments for Stop Criteria,” Stevin Report 25.5-16-06, 135 pp.
Lantsoght, E. O. L.; van der Veen, C.; de Boer, A.; and Alexander, S., 2016c, “Bridging the Gap between One-Way and Two-Way Shear in Slabs,” ACI SP International Punching Symposium, 20 pp.
Lantsoght, E. O. L.; van der Veen, C.; de Boer, A.; and Walraven, J. C., 2013, “Recommendations for the Shear Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Slab Bridges from Experiments,” Structural Engineering International, V. 23, No. 4, pp. 418-426.
NCHRP, 1998, “Manual for Bridge Rating through Load Testing,” V. NCHRP Project 12-28(13)A, Washington, DC, 152 pp.
NRA, 2014, “Load Testing for Bridge Assessment,” National Roads Authority, Dublin, Ireland, 11 pp.
Olaszek, P., Lagoda, M. and Ramon Casas, J., 2014, “Diagnostic Load Testing and Assessment of Existing Bridges: Examples of Application,” Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, V. 10, No. 6, June 3, pp. 834-842.
Russo, F. M.; Wipf, T. J.; and Klaiber, F. W., 2000, “Diagnostic Load Tests of a Prestressed Concrete Bridge Damaged by Overheight Vehicle Impact,” Transportation Research Record, V. 1696, pp. 103-110.
Sanayei, M., Reiff, A. J., Brenner, B. R. and Imbaro, G. R., 2016, “Load Rating of a Fully Instrumented Bridge: Comparison of LRFR Approaches,” Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, V. 2016, No. 3, 2 pp.
Saraf, V. K.; Nowak, A. S.; and Till, R., 1996, “Proof Load Testing of Bridges,” Probabilistic Mechanics, pp. 526-529.
Yang, Y.; van der Veen, C.; Hordijk, D.; and De Boer, A., 2016, “The Shear Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Members with Plain Bars,” Structural Faults and Repair 2016, M. Forde, ed., Edinburgh, UK, 2016, 9 pp.
Ziehl, P. H.; Galati, N.; Nanni, A.; and Tumialan, J. G., 2008, “In-Situ Evaluation of Two Concrete Slab Systems. II: Evaluation Criteria and Outcomes,” Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, V. 22, No. 4, July-Aug., pp. 217-227.