Title:
Pulverized Fuel Ash Cement Activated by Nanographite
Author(s):
Mehmet S. Kirgiz
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
115
Issue:
6
Appears on pages(s):
803-812
Keywords:
calcium hydroxide content; compressive strength; flexural strength; fluidity; nanographite; pulverized fuel ash cement; water absorption
DOI:
10.14359/51689101
Date:
11/1/2018
Abstract:
Advancements of early-age physical properties are examined for the pulverized fly ash (pfa) cement system blended with nanographite (nG) in this study. Class F fly ash (FFA), nG, and ASTM Type I cement are used to prepare various cement combinations (for example, 35% FFA + 65% ASTM I + 1.1% nG). Pastes and mortars are mixed with these cements with tap water or with tap water + superplasticizer (SP) to monitor developments on physical properties of the FFA-cement. According to present standards, experimented properties are water absorption, calcium hydroxide content, setting time, flow, flexural strength, and compressive strength for the FFA-cement (FFA-C), FFA-C/nG combinations, pure cement, and PC/nG combinations. It is concluded from the research results that FFA-C activated nG is favorable in terms of water absorption, Ca(OH)2 content, setting time, flow, and strength gain when compared to pure cement and nG-blended cement.
Related References:
1. Berry, E. E., and Malhotra, V. M., “Fly Ash for Use in Concrete, A Critical Review,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 77, No. 8, Aug. 1980, pp. 59-73.
2. Al-Ani, M., and Hughes, B., “Pulverised-Fuel Ash and Its Use in Concrete,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 41, No. 147, 1989, pp. 55-63.
3. Lam, L.; Wong, Y. L.; and Poon, C. S., “Effect of Fly Ash and Silica Fume on Compressive and Fracture Behaviors of Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 28, No. 2, 1998, pp. 271-283. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(97)00269-X
4. Joshi, R. C., and Lohtia, R. P., Fly Ash in Concrete: Production, Properties and Uses, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1999, 128 pp.
5. Han, S. H.; Kim, J. K.; and Park, Y. D., “Prediction of Compressive Strength of Fly Ash Concrete by New Apparent Activation Energy Function,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 33, No. 7, 2003, pp. 965-971. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00007-3
6. Virtanen, J., “Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Concrete Containing Blast-Furnace Slag, Fly Ash, or Condensed Silica Fume,” Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Other Mineral By-Products in Concrete, SP-79, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1983, pp. 923-942.
7. Idorn, G. M., and Henriksen, K. R., “State of the Art for Fly Ash Uses in Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 14, No. 4, 1984, pp. 463-470. doi: 10.1016/0008-8846(84)90120-0
8. Malhotra, V. M., “Durability of Concrete Incorporating High Volume of Low Calcium (ASTM Class F) Fly Ash,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 12, No. 4, 1990, pp. 487-493. doi: 10.1016/0958-9465(90)90006-J
9. Bilodeau, A., and Malhotra, V. M., “Concrete Incorporating High Volumes of ASTM Class F Fly Ashes: Mechanical Properties and Resistance to De-icing Salt Scaling and to Chloride Ion Penetration,” Proceedings of the 4th CANMET/ACI International Conference on the Use of Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, SP-132, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1992, pp. 319-349.
10. Bilodeau, A., and Malhotra, V. M., “High-Volume Fly Ash System: Concrete Solution for Sustainable Development,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 97, No. 1, Jan-Feb. 2000, pp. 41-48.
11. Halstead, W. J., “Use of Fly Ash in Concrete,” NCHRP 127, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, 1986.
12. Langey, W. S.; Carette, G. G.; and Malhotra, V. M., “Strength Development and Temperature Rise in Large Concrete Blocks Containing High Volumes of Low Calcium (ASTM Class F) Fly Ash,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 89, No. 4, July-Aug. 1992, pp. 362-368.
13. Zegetosky, C., and Ozyildirim, C., “Exploratory Investigation of Nanomaterials to Improve Strength and Permeability of Concrete,” Journal of the Transportation Research B, V. 2142, No. 1, 2010, pp. 1-8. doi: 10.3141/2142-01
14. Kong, D.; Su, Y.; Du, X.; Yang, Y.; Wei, S.; and Shah, S. P., “Influence of Nano-silica Agglomeration on Fresh Properties of Cement Pastes,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 43, 2013, pp. 557-562. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.066
15. Hou, P.; Wang, K.; Qian, J.; Kawashima, S.; Kong, D.; and Shah, S. P., “Effects of Colloidal NanoSiO2 on Fly Ash Hydration,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 34, No. 10, 2012, pp. 1095-1103. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.06.013
16. Hou, P.; Kawashima, S.; Kong, D.; Corr, D. J.; Qian, J.; and Shah, S. P., “Modification Effects of Colloidal NanoSiO2 on Cement Hydration and Its Gel Property,” Journal of Composites Part B, V. 45, No. 1, 2013, pp. 440-448. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.05.056
17. Sato, T., and Diallo, F., “Seeding Effect of Nano-CaCO3 on the Hydration of Tricalcium Silicate,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, V. 2141, No. 1, 2010, pp. 61-67. doi: 10.3141/2141-11
18. Heikal, M.; El-Didamony, H.; and Morsy, M. S., “Limestone-Filled Pozzolanic Cement,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 30, No. 11, 2000, pp. 1827-1834. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00402-6
19. Ghrici, M.; Kenai, S.; and Said-Mansour, M., “Mechanical Properties and Durability of Mortar and Concrete Containing Natural Pozzolana and Limestone Blended Cements,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 29, No. 7, 2007, pp. 542-549. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.04.009
20. Kim, J. H.; Noemi, N.; and Shah, S. P., “Effect of Powder Materials on the Rheology and Formwork Pressure of Self-Consolidating Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 34, No. 6, 2012, pp. 746-753. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.02.016
21. Bentz, D. P.; Sato, T.; de la Varga, I.; and Weiss, W. J., “Fine Limestone Additions to Regulate Setting in High Volume Fly Ash Mixtures,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 34, No. 1, 2012, pp. 11-17. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.09.004
22. Pekmezci, B. Y.; Voigt, T.; Kejin, W.; and Shah, S. P., “Low Compaction Energy Concrete for Improved Slipform Casting of Concrete Pavements,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 104, No. 3, May-June 2007, pp. 251-258.
23. Kawashima, S.; Kim, J. H.; Corr, D.; and Shah, S. P., “Study of the Mechanisms Underlying the Fresh-State Response of Cementitious Materials Modified with Nanoclays,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 36, 2012, pp. 749-757. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.057
24. Kırgız, M. S., “Cement Manufacture with Marble Powders,” Patent Number: TR 2010 03825 B, Turk Patent Institute, Ankara, Turkey, 2014.
25. ASTM C593-95(2000), “Standard Specification for Fly Ash and Other Pozzolans for Use with Lime,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2000, 5 pp.
26. ASTM C618-12a, “Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012, 5 pp.
27. ACI Committee 116, “Cement and Concrete Terminology (ACI 116R-85),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1985.
28. Kırgız, M. S., “Advancements in Mechanical and Physical Properties for Marble Powder-Cement Composites Strengthened by Nanostructured Graphite Particles,” Mechanics of Materials, V. 92, No. 1, 2016, pp. 223-234. doi: 10.1016/j.mechmat.2015.09.013
29. Kırgız, M. S., “Advances in Physical Properties of C Class Fly Ash-Cement Systems Blended Nanographite (Part 1),” ZKG International, V. 67, No. 12, 2014, pp. 42-48.
30. TS EN 196-3:2005, “Methods of Testing Cement – Part 3: Determination of Setting Times and Soundness,” Turk Standard Institute, Ankara, Turkey, 2005.
31. TS EN 196–5:1995, “Methods of Testing Cement – Part 5: Pozzolanicity Test for Pozzolanic Cements,” Turk Standard Institute, Ankara, Turkey, 1995.
32. ASTM C1437-07, “Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2007, 2 pp.
33. TS EN 196-1:2002, “Methods of Testing Cement – Part 1: Determination of Strength,” Turk Standard Institute, Ankara, Turkey, 2002.
34. Bui, D. D.; Hu, J.; and Stroeven, P., “Particle Size Effect on the Strength of Rice Husk Ash Blended Gap-Graded Portland Cement Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 27, No. 3, 2005, pp. 357-366. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.05.002
35. Kim, J. H.; Ferron, R. P.; and Shah, S. P., “Fresh Concrete and its Significance for Sustainability,” Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, V. 1, No. 1, 2012, pp. 16-23. doi: 10.1080/21650373.2012.726821
36. Banfill, P. F. G., “The Rheology of Fresh Cement and Concrete,” Journal of Rheology Revolution, 2006, pp. 61-130.
37. Ferraris, C. F.; de Larrard, F.; and Martys, N., “Fresh Concrete Rheology: Recent Developments,” Materials Science of Concrete IV, S. Mindess and J. Skalny, eds., The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, OH, 2001, pp. 215-241 pp.
38. Kwon, S. H.; Kim, J. H.; and Shah, S. P., “Development and Applications of the Intrinsic Model for Formwork Pressure of Self-Consolidating Concrete,” International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, V. 6, No. 1, 2012, pp. 31-40. doi: 10.1007/s40069-012-0003-2
39. Tregger, N.; Pakula, M.; and Shah, S. P., “Influence of Micro- and Nanoclays on Fresh State of Concrete,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, V. 2141, No. 1, 2010, pp. 68-74. doi: 10.3141/2141-12
40. Kawashima, S.; Kim, J. H.; Corr, D. J.; and Shah, S. P., “Study of the Mechanisms Underlying the Fresh-State Response of Cementitious Materials Modified with Nanoclays,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 36, 2012, pp. 749-757. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.06.057
41. Kırgız, M. S., “Effects of Blended-Cement Paste Chemical Composition Changes on Some Strength Gains of Blended-Mortars,” Journal of Scientific World Journal, V. 2014, 2014, pp. 1-11. doi: 10.1155/2014/625350
42. Kırgız, M. S., “Advancements in Mechanical and Physical Properties for Marble Powder-Cement Composites Strengthened by Nanostructured Graphite Particles,” Mechanics of Materials, V. 92, 2016, pp. 223-234. doi: 10.1016/j.mechmat.2015.09.013
43. Kırgız, M. S., “Advance Treatment by Nanographite for Portland Pulverised Fly Ash Cement (The Class F) Systems,” Composites. Part B, Engineering, V. 82, No. 12, 2015, pp. 59-71. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.08.003
44. Kırgız, M. S., “Supernatant Nanographite Solution for Advance Treatment of C Class Fly Ash-Cement Systems (Part 2),” ZKG International, V. 5, 2015, pp. 42-47.
45. Kırgız, M. S., “Supernatant Nanographite Solution for Advance Treatment of C Class Fly Ash-Cement Systems (Part 1),” ZKG International, V. 4, 2015, pp. 56-65.
46. Kırgız, M. S., “Advances in Physical Properties of C Class Fly Ash–Cement Systems Blended Nanographite (Part 2),” ZKG International, V. 1-2, 2015, pp. 60-67.
47. Kırgız, M. S., “Advances in Physical Properties of C Class Fly Ash-Cement Systems Blended Nanographite (Part 1),” ZKG International, V. 12, 2014, pp. 42-48.