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SP-153 In 1995, CANMET, in association with ACI, U.S.A. Electric Power Research Institute, Canadian Electrical Association, and several other organizations in Canada and the United States, sponsered the Fifth International Conference on fly ash, ferrous and nonferrous slags, and silica fume was held. The two volume proceedings of the Fifth CANMET/ACI Conference contains 62 papers from 23 countries.

The individual binding capacity of fly ash in lime bearing systems and gypsum on its own is well established. This study was aimed at utilizing gypsum as phosphogypsum and industrial lime in conjunction with high volume fly ash to develop a cost-effective cementitious binder product by advantageously utilizing the individual binding capacity of the materials. The materials were first fully characterized chemically and mineralogically to evaluate their potential as building material components. Different mixture proportions were tested. Compressive strength data of different mixtures at one day, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days are presented. These are correlated with the hydration properties at corresponding ages studied by means of XRD, SEM/EDXA, and DTA. The discussion relates to the roles of the individual components in the development of strength properties. Products with an interlocking microstructure and compressive strengths of over 12 MPa after 28 days of hydration are described. The cost effectiveness and possible applications of cementitious products that can be developed with such a system are also described.

A new variety of applications are being found for fly ash. It is increasingly important to determine the structural properties of fly ash particles, especially for increasing use in composites, such as polymer matrix and cast metal matrix composites. In this paper, selected properties of precipitator fly ash and cenosphere fly ash were directly measured; other properties were indirectly estimated from the experimental measurements on the properties of composites containing fly ash. The properties studied included sphericity of fly ash particles, wall thickness, the ratio of wall thickness to diameter, and modulus. The data generated on properties of fly ash have been compared with other filler or reinforcement materials, such as glass microspheres, Al 2O 3 , SiO 2, and SiC particles. The results show that the deviation of cenospheres from sphericity is virtually independent of diameter. The ratio of wall thickness to diameter of cenospheres is about 0.1 and tends to decrease with increasing particle diameter. The calculated values of effective modulus of fly ash from the property measurements on metal matrix-fly ash composites are in the range of 140 to 310 GPa, which are of the same order of magnitude as of general ceramics and glasses. The morphology of precipitator and cenosphere fly ash particles studied using scanning electron microscope is discussed. The implications of the morphology and properties of fly ash on its utilization, especially in micro and macro composites, including cements, are also discussed.

A test program was conducted to establish criteria for a performance- based specification of concrete quality, as a opposed to a prescriptive specification, for a major project in South Africa. Concretes containing different combinations of portland cement, fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and silica fume were prepared over a range of water/binder (W/CM) ratios. The samples were stored in water for three days to simulate the probable effects of site curing practice. Each concrete was then subjected to three different tests: air permeability and water sorptivity, both conducted in an "Autoclam," and a rapid chloride conductivity test. Time constraints prevented the preparation of a performance specification, but the results were used to prescribe a W/CM ratio and binder type. The results of the investigation also provide the basis for future evaluation of the site concrete by conducting similar tests on cores extracted from the structure. It was established that specifying only on the basis of concrete strength is insufficient to insure a high potential durability.

Cementless fine-grained concrete based on high-calcium fly ash and slag from thermal power plants was developed by the Siberian Metallurgical Institute in 1990. This paper presents the results of a study of schedules of heat treatment of the cementless concrete aimed at improvement of quality and durability of concrete. Prior to heat treatment, concrete was cured for three, six, and 12 hours at 60, 80, and 100 C. The temperature rise and cooling took three hours each. This cycle was provided by an automatic steam-curing chamber. After moist curing at high temperature using the above cycle, the specimens were tested for compressive strength immediately after cooling to room temperature and at the age of 28 days. It was found that the temperature of the isothermal heating should be in the range of 80 to 100 C. The best results were obtained with 100 C, although it is difficult to achieve this temperature, especially in cast-in-place construction. It also demands a great amount of electrical energy. Therefore, 80 to 90 C should be acceptable as the optimum temperature range. The optimum time of the isothermal heating is 9 to 12 hours. However, the computer processing of the results of the investigation showed that the optimum time of curing was six to seven hours. The technology and recommendations for heating of cementless slag ash concrete, by means of heating wires used in the construction of low-rise houses both in summer and winter periods, have been developed.