Table of Contents
PREFACE, p. 2
INTRODUCTION, p. 3
GENERAL COMMENTARY, p. 3
CHAPTER 1—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS, p. 5
1.1—Scope, p. 5
1.2—Contract documents, p. 10
1.3—Inspection, p. 12
1.4—Approval of special systems of design or construction, p. 14
CHAPTER 2—NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS, p. 15
2.1—Code notation, p. 15
2.2—Definitions, p. 34
CHAPTER 3—MATERIALS, p. 45
3.1—Tests of materials, p. 45
3.2—Cementitious materials, p. 45
3.3—Aggregates, p. 46
3.4—Water, p. 48
3.5—Steel reinforcement, p. 49
3.6—Joint accessories, p. 55
3.7—Fibers, p. 57
3.8—Admixtures, p. 58
3.9—Storage of materials, p. 60
3.10—Referenced standards, p. 60
CHAPTER 4—DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS, p. 67
4.1—General, p. 67
4.2—Exposure categories and classes, p. 70
4.4—Additional requirements for freezing-and-thawing exposures, p. 79
4.5—Additional requirements for sulfate exposures, p. 80
4.6—Additional requirements for alkali-aggregate reactions, p. 81
4.7—Additional requirements for corrosion protection of reinforcement and other metal embedments, p. 84
4.8—Additional requirements for protection against chemical attack, p. 85
4.9—Additional requirements for protection against erosion, p. 89
4.10—Protection systems, p. 90
4.11—Tightness testing of structures, p. 92
4.12—Joints, p. 92
CHAPTER 5—CONCRETE QUALITY, MIXING, AND PLACING, p. 95
5.1—General, p. 95
5.2—Selection of proportions, p. 96
5.3—Proportioning concrete on the basis of field experience or trial mixtures, or both, p. 97
5.4—Proportioning shotcrete on the basis of field experience or trial mixtures, or both, p. 102
5.5—Average compressive strength reduction for concrete, p. 106
5.6—Average compressive strength reduction for shotcrete, p. 107
5.7—Evaluation and acceptance of concrete and shotcrete, p. 107
5.8—Preparation of equipment and place of deposit, p. 113
5.9—Mixing, p. 114
5.10—Conveying concrete and wet-mix shotcrete, p. 115
5.11—Depositing of concrete, p. 115
5.12—Application of shotcrete, p. 116
5.13—Curing, p. 116
5.14—Cold weather requirements, p. 118
5.15—Hot weather requirements, p. 118
CHAPTER 6—FORMWORK AND EMBEDMENTS, p. 119
6.1—Design of formwork, p. 119
6.2—Removal of forms, shores, and reshoring, p. 119
6.3—Embedments in concrete and shotcrete, p. 121
CHAPTER 7—JOINTS, p. 123
7.1—Jointing, p. 123
7.2—Construction joints, p. 128
7.3—Crack-inducing joints, p. 129
7.4—Movement joints, p. 130
7.5—Joint accessories, p. 131
CHAPTER 8—ANALYSIS AND DESIGN – GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS, p. 137
8.1—Design methods, p. 137
8.2—Loading, p. 137
8.3—Methods of analysis, p. 138
8.4—Redistribution of moments in continuous flexural members, p. 139
8.5—Modulus of elasticity, p. 141
8.6—Lightweight concrete, p. 141
8.7—Stiffness, p. 142
8.8—Effective stiffness to determine lateral deflections, p. 142
8.9—Span length, p. 143
8.10—Columns, p. 144
8.11—Arrangement of live load, p. 144
8.12—T-beam construction, p. 145
8.13—Joist construction, p. 145
8.14—Separate floor finish, p. 146
CHAPTER 9—STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS, p. 147
9.1—General, p. 147
9.2—Required strength, p. 147
9.3—Design strength, p. 152
9.4—Design strength for reinforcement, p. 156
9.5—Control of deflections, p. 156
CHAPTER 10—FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADS, p. 163
10.1—Scope, p. 163
10.2—Design assumptions, p. 163
10.3—General principles and requirements, p. 165
10.4—Distance between lateral supports of flexural members, p. 167
10.5—Minimum reinforcement of flexural members, p. 168
10.6—Distribution of flexural reinforcement, p. 168
10.7—Deep beams, p. 172
10.8—Design dimensions for compression members, p. 173
10.9—Limits for reinforcement of compression members, p. 173
10.10—Slenderness effects in compression members, p. 175
10.11—Axially loaded members supporting slab system, p. 182
10.12—Transmission of column loads through floor system, p. 182
10.13—Composite compression members, p. 183
10.14—Bearing strength, p. 185
CHAPTER 11—SHEAR AND TORSION, p. 187
11.1—Shear strength, p. 187
11.2—Shear strength provided by concrete for nonprestressed members, p. 190
11.3—Shear strength provided by concrete for prestressed members, p. 192
11.4—Shear strength provided by shear reinforcement, p. 195
11.5—Design for torsion, p. 200
11.6—Shear-friction, p. 210
11.7—Deep beams, p. 214
11.8—Provisions for brackets and corbels, p. 214
11.9—Provisions for walls, p. 218
11.10—Transfer of moments to columns, p. 220
11.11—Provisions for slabs and footings, p. 220
CHAPTER 12—REINFORCEMENT—DETAILS, DEVELOPMENT, AND SPLICES, p. 233
12.1—Standard hooks, p. 233
12.2—Minimum bend diameters, p. 233
12.3—Bending, p. 234
12.4—Surface conditions of reinforcement, p. 234
12.5—Placing reinforcement, p. 235
12.6—Spacing limits for reinforcement, p. 236
12.7—Concrete protection for reinforcement, p. 237
12.8—Development, p. 242
12.9—Splices, p. 262
12.10—Lateral reinforcement, p. 270
12.11—Reinforcement details for columns, p. 274
12.12—Connections, p. 274
12.13—Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement, p. 275
12.14—Requirements for structural integrity, p. 282
CHAPTER 13—EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT STRUCTURES, p. 285
13.1—General requirements, p. 285
13.2—Ordinary moment frames, p. 292
13.4—Intermediate precast structural walls, p. 298
13.5—Flexural members of special moment frames, p. 298
13.6—Special moment frame members subjected to bending and axial load, p. 305
13.7—Joints of special moment frames, p. 309
13.8—Special moment frames constructed using precast concrete, p. 312
13.9—Special structural walls and coupling beams, p. 314
13.10—Special structural walls constructed using precast concrete, p. 323
13.11—Structural diaphragms and trusses, p. 323
13.12—Foundations, p. 328
13.13—Members not designated as part of the seismic force-resisting system, p. 330
CHAPTER 14—TWO-WAY SLAB SYSTEMS, p. 333
14.1—Scope, p. 333
14.2—General, p. 334
14.3—Slab reinforcement, p. 334
14.4—Openings in slab systems, p. 338
14.5—Design procedures, p. 339
14.6—Direct design method, p. 342
14.7—Equivalent frame method, p. 348
CHAPTER 15—WALLS, p. 353
15.1—Scope, p. 353
15.2—General, p. 353
15.3—Walls prestressed circumferentially by wrapping with high-strength steel wire or strand, p. 353
15.4—Minimum reinforcement, p. 356
15.5—Walls designed as compression members, p. 357
15.6—Empirical Design Method, p. 357
15.7—Minimum wall thickness, p. 359
15.8—Walls as grade beams, p. 359
CHAPTER 16—FOOTINGS, p. 361
16.1—Scope, p. 361
16.2—Loads and reactions, p. 361
16.3—Footings supporting circular or regular polygon-shaped columns or pedestals, p. 362
16.4—Moment in footings, p. 362
16.5—Shear in footings, p. 362
16.6—Development of reinforcement in footings, p. 364
16.7—Minimum footing depth, p. 364
16.8—Transfer of force at base of column, wall, or reinforced pedestal, p. 364
16.9—Sloped or stepped footings, p. 366
16.10—Combined footings and mats, p. 366
CHAPTER 17—PRECAST CONCRETE, p. 369
17.1—Scope, p. 369
17.2—General, p. 369
17.3—Distribution of forces among members, p. 370
17.4—Member design, p. 371
17.5—Structural integrity, p. 371
17.6—Connection and bearing design, p. 373
17.7—Items embedded after concrete placement, p. 375
17.8—Marking and identification, p. 375
17.9—Handling, p. 375
17.10—Strength evaluation of precast construction, p. 376
CHAPTER 18—COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS, p. 377
18.1—Scope, p. 377
18.2—General, p. 377
18.3—Shoring, p. 378
18.4—Vertical shear strength, p. 378
18.5—Horizontal shear strength, p. 378
18.6—Ties for horizontal shear, p. 379
CHAPTER 19—PRESTRESSED CONCRETE, p. 381
19.1—Scope, p. 381
19.2—General, p. 382
19.3—Design assumptions, p. 383
19.4—Serviceability requirements—flexural members, p. 385
19.5—Permissible stresses in prestressing steel, p. 388
19.6—Loss of prestress, p. 388
19.7—Flexural strength, p. 390
19.8—Limits for reinforcement of flexural members, p. 391
19.9—Minimum bonded reinforcement, p. 392
19.10—Statically indeterminate structures, p. 394
19.11—Compression members—combined flexure and axial loads, p. 395
19.12—Slab systems, p. 397
19.13—Post-tensioned tendon anchorage zones, p. 399
19.14—Design of anchorage zones for monostrand or single 5/8 in. diameter bar tendons, p. 404
19.15—Design of anchorage zones for multistrand tendons, p. 405
19.16—Corrosion protection for unbonded single-strand prestressing tendons, p. 406
19.17—Post-tensioning ducts, p. 408
19.18—Grout for bonded tendons, p. 408
19.19—Protection for prestressing steel, p. 410
19.20—Application and measurement of prestressing force, p. 410
19.21—Post-tensioning anchorages and couplers, p. 411
19.22—External post-tensioning, p. 412
CHAPTER 20—SHELLS AND FOLDED PLATE MEMBERS, p. 413
20.1—Scope and definitions, p. 413
20.2—Analysis and design, p. 415
20.3—Design strength of materials, p. 420
20.4—Shell reinforcement, p. 420
20.5—Construction, p. 422
CHAPTER 21—LIQUID-CONTAINING GROUND-SUPPORTED SLABS, p. 423
21.1—Scope, p. 423
21.2—Slab support, p. 424
21.3—Slab thickness, p. 425
21.4—Reinforcement, p. 426
21.5—Joints, p. 426
21.6—Hydrostatic uplift, p. 427
21.7—Curing, p. 427
CHAPTER 22—STRENGTH EVALUATION AND CONDITION ASSESSMENT OF STRUCTURES, p. 429
22.1—General, p. 429
22.2—Determination of required dimensions and material properties, p. 431
22.3—Condition survey of structures, p. 432
22.4—Field and laboratory testing, p. 433
22.5—Tightness testing, p. 434
22.6—Evaluation report, p. 434
22.7—Load testing, p. 435
APPENDIX A—ALTERNATE DESIGN METHOD, p. 437
A.1—Scope, p. 437
A.2—General, p. 438
A.3—Allowable stresses at service loads, p. 438
A.4—Development and splices of reinforcement, p. 440
A.5—Flexure, p. 440
A.6—Compression members with or without flexure, p. 441
A.7—Shear and torsion, p. 441
APPENDIX B—STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS, p. 447
B.1—Definitions, p. 447
B.2—Strut-and-tie model design procedure, p. 453
B.3—Strength of struts, p. 455
B.4—Strength of ties, p. 458
B.5—Strength of nodal zones, p. 460
APPENDIX C—ALTERNATIVE PROVISIONS FOR REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE FLEXURAL AND COMPRESSION MEMBERS, p. 463
APPENDIX D—ALTERNATIVE LOAD FACTORS, STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS, AND DISTRIBUTION OF FLEXURAL REINFORCEMENT, p. 471
APPENDIX E—ANCHORING TO CONCRETE, p. 479
E.1—Definitions, p. 479
E.2—Scope, p. 483
E.3—General requirements, p. 484
E.4—General requirements for strength of anchors, p. 491
E.5—Design requirements for tensile loading, p. 497
E.6—Design requirements for shear loading, p. 509
E.7—Interaction of tensile and shear forces, p. 519
E.8—Required edge distances, spacings, and thicknesses to preclude splitting failure, p. 519
E.9—Installation and inspection of anchors, p. 521
COMMENTARY REFERENCES, p. 527