Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1—INTRODUCTION, p. 3
1.1—Introduction, p. 3
1.2—Scope, p. 3
CHAPTER 2—NOTATION AND TERMINOLOGY, p. 3
2.1—Notation, p. 3
2.2—Terminology, p. 3
CHAPTER 3—SILICA FUME MATERIALS, p. 4
3.1—General, p. 4
3.2—Silica fume versus other forms of silica, p. 5
3.3—Using silica fume in concrete, p. 5
3.4—Using silica fume in blended cement, p. 6
3.5—Worldwide availability of silica fume, p. 6
3.6—Types of silica fume products available, p. 6
3.7—Health hazards, p. 7
3.8—Environmental impact, p. 8
CHAPTER 4—PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SILICA FUME, p. 8
4.1—Color, p. 8
4.2—Specific gravity, p. 8
4.3—Bulk density, p. 8
4.4—Fineness, particle shape, and oversize material, p. 8
4.5—Chemical composition, p. 9
4.6—Crystallinity, p. 10
4.7—Variability, p. 10
4.8—Relating physical and chemical properties to performance in concrete, p. 11
4.9—Quality control, p. 11
CHAPTER 5—MECHANISMS BY WHICH SILICA FUME MODIFIES CEMENT PASTE, MORTAR, AND CONCRETE, p. 11
5.1—General, p. 11
5.2—Physical effects, p. 12
5.3—Chemical effects, p. 12
5.4—Microstructure modifications, p. 13
5.5—Self-desiccation and water of hydration, p. 16
5.6—Autogenous shrinkage (autogenous volume change), p. 16
5.7—Chemical composition of pore fluid, p. 16
5.8—Reactions in combination with fly ash or slag cement, p. 17
5.9—Reactions with different types of portland cement, p. 18
5.10—Heat of hydration, p. 18
5.11—Interactions with chemical admixtures, p. 19
CHAPTER 6—PROPORTIONING OF SILICA FUME CONCRETE MIXTURES, p. 20
6.1—General, p. 20
6.2—Cement and silica fume content, p. 20
6.3—Water content, p. 20
6.4—Aggregate, p. 20
6.5—Chemical admixtures, p. 20
6.6—Proportioning, p. 20
6.7—Ternary and quaternary mixtures, p. 25
CHAPTER 7—EFFECTS OF SILICA FUME ON PROPERTIES OF FRESH CONCRETE, p. 25
7.1—Water demand, p. 25
7.2—Rheology, p. 26
7.3—Workability, p. 27
7.4—Slump loss, p. 27
7.5—Stability, p. 28
7.6—Pumping, p. 28
7.7—Setting time, p. 28
7.8—Plastic shrinkage cracking, p. 29
7.9—Color of concrete, p. 29
7.10—Air entrainment, p. 30
7.11—Bulk density (unit weight) of fresh concrete, p. 30
7.12—Evolution of hydrogen gas, p. 30
CHAPTER 8—EFFECTS OF SILICA FUME ON PROPERTIES OF HARDENED CONCRETE, p. 30
8.1—General, p. 30
8.2—Mechanical properties, p. 30
8.3—Durability aspects, p. 35
8.4—Miscellaneous properties, p. 46
8.5—Use of silica fume in combination with fibers, p. 48
8.6—Use of silica fume in ternary blends, p. 49
8.7—Property variations with respect to type, source, and form of delivery of silica fume, p. 53
CHAPTER 9—WORKING WITH DENSIFIED SILICA FUME IN THE FIELD, p. 54
9.1—Transporting and handling bulk and bagged densified silica fume, p. 54
9.2—Batching and mixing bulk and bagged silica fume concrete, p. 54
9.3—Placing and consolidating, p. 55
9.4—Finishing, p. 55
9.5—Curing, p. 56
CHAPTER 10—SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS, p. 56
10.1—General, p. 56
10.2—Silica fume specification and standards, p. 56
10.3—Specifying silica fume materials, p. 58
10.4—Specifying silica fume blended cement, p. 58
10.5—Specifying silica fume concrete, p. 59
CHAPTER 11—SUSTAINABILITY WITH SILICA FUME CONCRETE, p. 60
11.1—Introduction, p. 60
11.2—Embodied energy of the built environment, p. 61
11.3—Embodied energy (CO2) of concrete, p. 63
11.4—Whole building life cycle of concrete (cradle-to-grave), p. 65
11.5—Durability, resilience, and service life, p. 69
11.6—Environmental impact studies with silica fume concrete, p. 70
CHAPTER 12—APPLICATIONS OF SILICA FUME IN CONCRETE, p. 74
12.1—Tsing Ma Bridge, Hong Kong, Special Administration Region (SAR) China, p. 74
12.2—311 South Wacker Drive, Chicago, IL, p. 75
12.3—Kuala Lumpur City Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, p. 75
12.4—Kinzua Dam stilling basin repair, Warren, PA, p. 75
12.5—Stolma Bridge, Austevoll, Norway, p. 77
12.6—Highway bridges, United States, p. 78
12.7—Parking structures, United States, p. 79
12.8—Burj Khalifa, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, p. 80
12.9—East Sea Bridge, Shanghai, China, p. 80
12.10—STEP project, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, p. 82
12.11—Panama Canal: Third Set of Locks Project, p. 85
12.12—One World Trade Center, New York City, NY, p. 85
12.13—High Rise Towers, Toronto, ON, Canada, p. 85
12.14—The Great Stupa of Dharmakaya, Red Feather Lakes, CO, p. 86
12.15—Trump Hotel and Towers, Chicago, IL , p. 86
CHAPTER 13—REFERENCES, p. 87
Authored documents, p. 88