Title:
Multi-Objective Design of LC3: Sustainability and Strength
Author(s):
Oğulcan Canbek, Francesca Lolli, Christopher M. Childs, Newell R. Washburn, Kimberly E. Kurtis
Publication:
Symposium Paper
Volume:
355
Issue:
Appears on pages(s):
293-306
Keywords:
alternative cementitious materials; CO2 emissions; hydration; kinetics; optimization; particle size
DOI:
10.14359/51736035
Date:
7/1/2022
Abstract:
The global warming potential (GWP) of limestone calcined clay cements (LC3) is mainly affected by the production of Portland cement (PC) and calcined clay, and by the transportation of the raw materials. However, the relative contributions of varying proportions and particle sizes of constituent materials to LC3 sustainability have not been studied extensively, particularly in the context of their influence on other properties like strength development. In this research, a quantitative multi-objective design tool that can predict the LC3’s GWP and compressive strength development was developed. The model was supported by experimental results from 18 LC3 compositions with varying proportions of PC:MK:LS and limestone (LS) particle sizes, and a “cradle-to-gate” life cycle assessment (LCA) to quantify the GWP. Key findings include: (1) the nucleation effect by fine (D50 = 3 μm) limestone is pronounced and increases early (3-D) strength but only if limestone proportion is higher than that of metakaolin (MK), and (2) MK:LS affects both the 3-D strength and the GWP, while PC content is the main determinant for long-term strength gain. The multi-objective optimization results suggest that strength and sustainability improvements for LC3 can be realized by optimizing the limestone particle sizes and the PC:MK:LS.
Related References:
1. K. Scrivener, F. Martirena, S. Bishnoi, S. Maity, Calcined clay limestone cements (LC3), Cement and Concrete Research, 114 (2018) 49-56.
2. S. Sánchez Berriel, A. Favier, E. Rosa Domínguez, I.R. Sánchez Machado, U. Heierli, K. Scrivener, F. Martirena Hernández, G. Habert, Assessing the environmental and economic potential of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement in Cuba, Journal of Cleaner Production, 124 (2016) 361-369.
3. A. Alujas, R. Fernández, R. Quintana, K.L. Scrivener, F. Martirena, Pozzolanic reactivity of low grade kaolinitic clays: Influence of calcination temperature and impact of calcination products on OPC hydration, Applied Clay Science, 108 (2015) 94-101.
4. F. Avet, K. Scrivener, Investigation of the calcined kaolinite content on the hydration of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3), Cement and Concrete Research, 107 (2018) 124-135.
5. R. San Nicolas, M. Cyr, G. Escadeillas, Characteristics and applications of flash metakaolins, Applied Clay Science, 83-84 (2013) 253-262.
6. Habert, G., and Ouellet-Plamondon, C. “Recent update on the environmental impact of geopolymers,” RILEM Technical Letters, V. 1, 2016, pp. 17–23..
7. D. Wang, C. Shi, N. Farzadnia, Z. Shi, H. Jia, Z. Ou, A review on use of limestone powder in cement-based materials: Mechanism, hydration and microstructures, Construction and Building Materials, 181 (2018) 659-672.
8. B. Lothenbach, G. Le Saout, E. Gallucci, K. Scrivener, Influence of limestone on the hydration of Portland cements, Cement and Concrete Research, 38 (2008) 848-860.
9. X. Ouyang, D.A. Koleva, G. Ye, K. van Breugel, Understanding the adhesion mechanisms between C S H and fillers, Cement and Concrete Research, 100 (2017) 275-283.
10. S. Pourchet, I. Pochard, F. Brunel, D. Perrey, Chemistry of the calcite/water interface: Influence of sulfate ions and consequences in terms of cohesion forces, Cement and Concrete Research, 52 (2013) 22-30.
11. D. Wagner, F. Bellmann, J. Neubauer, Influence of aluminium on the hydration of triclinic C3S with addition of KOH solution, Cement and Concrete Research, 137 (2020).
12. B. Lothenbach, K. Scrivener, R.D. Hooton, Supplementary cementitious materials, Cement and Concrete Research, 41 (2011) 1244-1256.
13. E. Berodier, K. Scrivener, G. Scherer, Understanding the Filler Effect on the Nucleation and Growth of C-S-H, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 97 (2014) 3764-3773.
14. ASTM, C109M-16, Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars, 2016.
15. O. Akhlaghi, T. Aytas, B. Tatli, D. Sezer, A. Hodaei, A. Favier, K. Scrivener, Y.Z. Menceloglu, O. Akbulut, Modified poly(carboxylate ether)-based superplasticizer for enhanced flowability of calcined clay-limestone-gypsum blended Portland cement, Cement and Concrete Research, 101 (2017) 114-122.
16. Marceau, M. L., Nisbet, M. A., and VanGeem, M. G. “Life Cycle Inventory of Portland Cement Concrete,” n.d., p. 120.
17. “IMA-NA Calcium Carbonate Life Cycle Assessment,” 2016, p. 66
18. Deb, K.; Pratap, A.; Agarwal, S.; Meyarivan, T. A Fast and Elitist Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm: NSGA-II. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 2002, 6 (2), 182–197.
19. Benitez-Hidalgo, A.; Nebro, A. J.; Garcia-Nieto, J.; Oregi, I.; Del Ser, J. JMetalPy: A Python Framework for Multi-Objective Optimization with Metaheuristics. Swarm Evol. Comput. 2019, 51.
20. K. De Weerdt, M.B. Haha, G. Le Saout, K.O. Kjellsen, H. Justnes, B. Lothenbach, Hydration mechanisms of ternary Portland cements containing limestone powder and fly ash, Cement and Concrete Research, 41 (2011) 279-291.
21. F. Zunino, K. Scrivener, The influence of the filler effect on the sulfate requirement of blended cements, Cement and Concrete Research, 126 (2019).
22. M. Antoni, J. Rossen, F. Martirena, K. Scrivener, Cement substitution by a combination of metakaolin and limestone, Cement and Concrete Research, 42 (2012) 1579-1589.
23. S. Krishnan, S. Bishnoi, A numerical approach for designing composite cements with calcined clay and limestone, Cement and Concrete Research, 138 (2020).