Title:
Material Modeling for Concrete Structures Subjected to High Strain Rate Deformation
Author(s):
Neul Oh, Junhwi Ye, Hyukjun Ahn and Jae-Yeol Cho
Publication:
Symposium Paper
Volume:
365
Issue:
Appears on pages(s):
50-78
Keywords:
reinforced concrete, structural modeling, strain-rate deformation, finite-element analysis
DOI:
10.14359/51746684
Date:
3/1/2025
Abstract:
This paper reviews the state-of-the-art finite-element analysis (FEA) for reinforced concrete (RC) structures subjected to high-strain-rate deformation and focuses on RC panels subjected to impact loads. Despite extensive experimental studies on the impact behavior of RC panels, a robust concrete material model for accurate simulation of high-strain-rate scenarios is lacking. To address this gap, this study aims to identify the optimal concrete material model for predicting local damage in RC panels impacted by projectiles by simulating the collision of a large commercial aircraft with critical infrastructures, such as nuclear power plants. In this study, the theoretical foundations and parameters of concrete material models were examined to simulate realistically the local responses of RC panels subjected to dynamic loading, specifically focusing on hard projectile impacts at velocities ranging from 100 to 220 m/s (328 to 722 ft/s). Single-element analyses were conducted followed by finite-element simulations of scaled-down aircraft impact tests to assess the ability of the models to predict the failure modes, residual projectile velocities, and damaged areas. Among the four concrete models available in LS-DYNA, the concrete damage model (release 3) provided the best results for the four panels experimentally tested in this study.
Related References:
1. Setola, R., Luiijf, E., & Theocharidou, M. (2016). Critical Infrastructures, Protection and Resilience. In R. Setola, V. Rosato, E. Kyriakides, & E. Rome (Eds.), Managing the Complexity of Critical Infrastructures: A Modelling and Simulation Approach (pp. 1-18). Springer International Publishing. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-51043-9_1
2. 150, C. (2009). Aircraft Impact Assessment. In: Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, DC, USA.
3. NEI07-13. (2011). Methodology for Performing Aircraft Impact Assessments for New Plant Designs. NEI07-13, Rev, 8.
4. DOE, U. (2006). Accident analysis for aircraft crash into hazardous facilities. DOE standard DOE-STD-3014-2006.
5. Borri, A., & De Maria, A. (2023). EUROCODE 8 AND ITALIAN CODE. A COMPARISON ABOUT SAFETY LEVELS AND CLASSIFICATION OF INTERVENTIONS ON MASONRY EXISTING BUILDINGS.
6. Jiang, H., & Chorzepa, M. G. (2015). An effective numerical simulation methodology to predict the impact response of pre-stressed concrete members. Engineering Failure Analysis, 55, 63-78. doi: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2015.05.006
7. Kennedy, R. P. (1976). A review of procedures for the analysis and design of concrete structures to resist missile impact effects. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 37(2), 183-203. doi: 10.1016/0029-5493(76)90015-7
8. Sugano, T., Tsubota, H., Kasai, Y., Koshika, N., Ohnuma, H., von Riesemann, W. A., Bickel, D. C., & Parks, M. B. (1993). Local damage to reinforced concrete structures caused by impact of aircraft engine missiles Part 1. Test program, method and results. Nuclear engineering and design : an international journal devoted to the thermal, mechanical and structural problems of nuclear energy., 140(3), 387-405. doi: 10.1016/0029-5493(93)90120-X
9. Huang, F., Wu, H., Jin, Q., & Zhang, Q. (2005). A numerical simulation on the perforation of reinforced concrete targets. International journal of impact engineering, 32(1-4), 173-187. doi: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2005.05.009
10. Beltran, F., Duchac, A., Galan, M., & Dababneh, J. (2017). Assessment of Vulnerabilities of Operating Nuclear Power Plants to Extreme External Events. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY. https://www.iaea.org/publications/12270/assessment-of-vulnerabilities-of-operating-nuclear-power-plants-toextreme-external-events
11. Zhou, L., Li, X., Yan, Q., & Li, X. (2024). Study on the dynamic response of reinforced concrete nuclear containment under the impact of large aircraft. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 417, 112880. doi: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2023.112880
12. Kong, X., Fang, Q., Li, Q., Wu, H., & Crawford, J. E. (2017). Modified K&C model for cratering and scabbing of concrete slabs under projectile impact. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 108, 217-228.
13. Ye, Junhwi. (2023). Experimental Study on Effect of Reinforcing Steel and Steel Liner on Impact Resistance of RC Panels under Hard Impact. http://snuprimo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/82SNU:82SNU_SSPACE210371/193023
14. Jiang, H., & Chorzepa, M. G. (2014). Aircraft impact analysis of nuclear safety-related concrete structures: A review. Engineering Failure Analysis, 46, 118-133. doi: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.08.008
15. Malvar, L. J., Crawford, J. E., Wesevich, J. W., & Simons, D. (1997). A plasticity concrete material model for DYNA3D. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 19(9-10), 847-873.
16. Willam, K., & Warnke, E. (1975). Constitutive model for the triaxial behavior of concrete. International association of bridge and structural engineers, Seminar on concrete structure subjected to triaxial stresses, paper III-1, Bergamo, Italy, May 1974. IABSE Proc. 19.
17. Schwer, L. (2010). An introduction to the Winfrith concrete model. Schwer Engineering & Consulting Services, 1-28.
18. Schwer, L. (2011). The Winfrith concrete model: Beauty or beast? Insights into the Winfrith concrete model. 8th European LS-DYNA users conference,
19. Holmquist, T. J., Johnson, G. R. and Cook, W. H. (1993) A computational constitutive model for concrete subjected to large strains, high strain rates, and high pressures. 14th Int. Symp. Ballistics, 591–600.
20. Xie, L., Dong, Z., Qi, Y., Qiu, R., & He, Q. (2019). Vibration Failure of Young Low-Temperature Concrete Shaft Linings Caused by Blasting Excavation. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2019, 5343618. doi: 10.1155/2019/5343618
21. Murray, Y. D. (2007). Users manual for LS-DYNA concrete material model 159.
22. Wu, Y., & Crawford, J. E. (2015). Numerical Modeling of Concrete Using a Partially Associative Plasticity Model. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 141(12), 04015051. doi: doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.1943-7889.0000952
23. Markovich, N., Kochavi, E., & Ben-Dor, G. (2011). An improved calibration of the concrete damage model. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, 47(11), 1280-1290. doi: 10.1016/j.finel.2011.05.008
24. Xu, H., & Wen, H. (2013). Semi-empirical equations for the dynamic strength enhancement of concretelike materials. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 60, 76-81.
25. Kim, J. M., Varma, A. H., Lee, K., & Kim, K. (2022). Steel-Plate Composite Walls Subjected to Missile Impact: Numerical Evaluation of Local Damage. Journal of Structural Engineering, 148(10), 04022153. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003417
26. Wittmann, F. H. (2002). Crack formation and fracture energy of normal and high strength concrete. Sadhana, 27(4), 413-423. doi: 10.1007/BF02706991
27. Polanco-Loria, M., Hopperstad, O., Børvik, T., & Berstad, T. (2008). Numerical predictions of ballistic limits for concrete slabs using a modified version of the HJC concrete model. International Journal of Impact Engineering, 35(5), 290-303.
28. Novozhilov, Y., Dmitriev, A., & Mikhaluk, D. (2022). Precise Calibration of the Continuous Surface Cap Model for Concrete Simulation. Buildings, 12, 636. doi: 10.3390/buildings12050636
29. Jiang, H., & Zhao, J. (2015). Calibration of the continuous surface cap model for concrete. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design, 97, 1-19. doi: 10.1016/j.finel.2014.12.002
30. Thomas, R. J., & Sorensen, A. D. (2017). Review of strain rate effects for UHPC in tension. Construction and Building Materials, 153, 846-856
31. Almomani, B., Kim, T.-Y., & Chang, Y.-S. (2022). Analysis methodology of local damage to dry storage facility structure subjected to aircraft engine crash. Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 54(4), 1394-1405.
32. Jiang, H., & Wang, J. J. (2009). Investigation on failure index of concrete in the projectile perforation simulation [Article]. Zhendong yu Chongji/Journal of Vibration and Shock, 28(8), 30-34. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.069849091805&partnerID=40&md5=76179948cfc20d9f0c285fdef6b23f47