SP-145 In 1994, The Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET) in association with the America Concrete Institute, sponsored a third international conference on the Durability of Concrete This Special ACI publication presents the 65 conference papers accepter for publication. For Your Convenience, Durability of Concrete has been divided into two parts. Part 1, which contains 34 papers, covers the areas of: 1. Deicer Salt Scaling of Concrete 2. Freezing and Thawing Phenomenon 3. Performance of Concrete in Marine Environments 4. Corrosion of Steel to Fluoride-Ion Attach 5. And other Topics Part 2, containing 31 papers, covers the areas of: 1. Alkali-Aggregate Reactivity 2. Coatings for Concrete 3. Carbonation 4. High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete 5. Durability of Concrete

In France, a study of the behavior of cements in marine structures was initiated in 1902 with the creation of the Commission on Lime and Cements. This led to the establishment of specifications concerning the composition of cements for projects in the sea, designated as "seawater-setting." Over the years, the specifications have been modified in light of the results of research and full-scale testing in French maritime laboratories. A program of the study of resistance to seawater of cements with different mineralogical compositions was begun in 1975. This program included experiments in artificial seawater in laboratories and in water of the Le Havre Channel, and was to last for 20 years. Its purpose was to examine the behavior of cements at the limits of specifications to either confirm their soundness or make certain modifications. After 15 years, it can be concluded that the accelerated test of swelling on 2 x 2 x 16-cm specimens is sound, since it made possible the elimination of cements containing about 14 percent C 3A after 1 year, demonstrated the influence of SO 3 content at 2 years, and made possible the classification of portland cements according to their long-term behavior as early as 2 years. The results of sonic measurements on concrete specimens exposed to seawater in a tidal zone show the excellent behavior of cement with 80 percent slag and a low-lime content, and of portland cements with a C 3A content of less than 4 percent.

Concrete submerged in seawater swells. The expansion is larger in seawater than in fresh water. Due to the growing interest in deep seawater applications of concrete, an investigation was carried out on the behavior of concrete in seawater under pressure. Under high pressure, the swelling is greater and faster than under atmospheric pressure. The swelling can escalate to 1 percent in a few years. In saturated lime water, the swelling is far less than in seawater. From the various parameters investigated, the cement type appeared to be the most important. Blast furnace slag cement with a high slag content appeared to swell substantially less than normal portland cement.

This laboratory and field investigation studied the deicer scaling resistance of ground granulated blast furnace (GGBF) slag concretes. The laboratory part of the investigation used the ASTM C 672 test with up to four different curing routines: air, curing compound, the standard procedure, and intermittent wet cure. The field part evaluated three curing routines: air, curing compound, and intermittent wet cure. It also evaluated two different finishing tools, and the effect of a linseed oil-kerosene sealer applied at 90 days. Overall, regarding the effect of GGBF slag dose on scaling resistance, and relative to portland cement content: 25 percent improved resistance, 35 percent was better in the laboratory and similar in the field, 50 percent was variably better or the same or worse, and 65 percent scaled more in the laboratory and less in the field.

The Siberian Metallurgical Institute (SMI) has developed low-cement concrete with acid and basic slags from a Russian foundry. The concrete contains neither natural aggregates (crushed stone, gravel, or sand) nor artificial porous aggregates (claydite, aggloporite, polystyrene, or others). It includes the following materials: 680 to 1140 kg/m 3 of acid slag sand form PTP with a particle size of 0 to 5 mm used as fine aggregate; cementitious materials (340 to 400 kg/m 3 of fine-grained basic slag and 100 to 170 kg/m 3 of M500 portland cement); 260 to 290 kg/m 3 of water; 0.3 percent by weight of cement of plasticizing admixture (technical grade lignosulfonate); and 1 to 2 percent of air-entraining admixture (secondary sodium alkyl sulfate). To make the wide application of this concrete possible in construction (mainly for low-rise cottages), deformation properties, protection of reinforcement from corrosion, frost resistance, and water and gas permeability were studied during a 1-year period. The investigation shows that concrete developed in this way complies with Russian international standards for low-strength concrete and can be used in housing construction. Air-entrained concrete for external walls should be protected by mortar or some other finishing material.